Corrigendum: Reciprocal Interactions between Cadmium-Induced Cell Wall Responses and Oxidative Stress in Plants.

[This corrects the article on p. 1867 in vol. 8, PMID: 29163592.

Reciprocal Interactions between Cadmium-Induced Cell Wall Responses and Oxidative Stress in Plants.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution renders many soils across the world unsuited or unsafe for food- or feed-orientated agriculture. The main mechanism of Cd phytotoxicity is the induction of oxidative stress, amongst others through the depletion of glutathione. Oxidative stress can damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to growth inhibition or even cell death.

Amino acid concentrations in critically ill children following cardiac surgery*.

Objective: Guidelines for administering amino acids to critically ill children are largely based on uncontrolled observational studies and expert opinion, without support from rigorous outcome studies. Also, data on circulating amino acid concentrations during critical illness are scarce. We thoroughly studied the time profiles of circulating amino acid concentrations in critically ill children who received standard nutritional care according to international guidelines.

Withholding parenteral nutrition during critical illness increases plasma bilirubin but lowers the incidence of biliary sludge.

Unlabelled: Cholestatic liver dysfunction (CLD) and biliary sludge often occur during critical illness and are allegedly aggravated by parenteral nutrition (PN). Delaying initiation of PN beyond day 7 in the intensive care unit (ICU) (late PN) accelerated recovery as compared with early initiation of PN (early PN). However, the impact of nutritional strategy on biliary sludge and CLD has not been fully characterized.

Neurocognitive development of children 4 years after critical illness and treatment with tight glucose control: a randomized controlled trial.

Context: A large randomized controlled trial revealed that tight glucose control (TGC) to age-adjusted normoglycemia (50-80 mg/dL at age <1 year and 70-100 mg/dL at age 1-16 years) reduced intensive care morbidity and mortality compared with usual care (UC), but increased hypoglycemia (≤40 mg/dL) (25% vs 1%).

Objective: As both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia may adversely affect the developing brain, long-term follow-up was required to exclude harm and validate short-term benefits of TGC.

Design, Setting, And Patients: A prospective, randomized controlled trial of 700 patients aged 16 years or younger who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) of the University Hospitals in Leuven, Belgium, between October 2004 and December 2007.

Effect of tight glucose control with insulin on the thyroid axis of critically ill children and its relation with outcome.

Context: Tight glucose control (TGC) to normal-for-age fasting blood glucose levels reduced morbidity and mortality in surgical adult and pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In adults, TGC did not affect the illness-induced alterations in thyroid hormones. With better feeding in children than in adult patients, we hypothesized that TGC in pediatric ICU patients reactivates the thyroid axis.

Effect of intensive insulin therapy on the somatotropic axis of critically ill children.

Context: Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) improved outcome in the adult and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) compared with conventional insulin therapy (CIT). IIT did not increase the anabolic hormone IGF-I in critically ill adults, but feeding in critically ill children and pediatric hormonal responses may differ. Twenty-five percent of the children with IIT experienced hypoglycemia, which may have evoked counterregulatory responses.

Assessment of blood glucose control in the pediatric intensive care unit: extension of the glycemic penalty index toward children and infants.

Background: The glycemic penalty index (GPI) is a measure to assess blood glucose (BG) control in critically ill adult patients but needs to be adapted for children and infants.

Method: The squared differences between a clinical expertise penalty function and the corresponding polynomial function are minimized for optimization purposes. The average of all penalties (individually assigned to all BG readings) represents the patient-specific GPI.

Glucose dysregulation and neurological injury biomarkers in critically ill children.

Context: Targeting normoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy (IIT) improved short-term outcome of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients but increased the incidence of hypoglycemia. Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia may adversely affect the developing brain.

Objective: We studied the impact of targeting normoglycemia with IIT on brain injury markers.