Interaction of HERVs with PAMPs in Dysregulation of Immune Response Cascade Upon SARS-CoV-2 Infections.

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are genomic fragments integrated into human DNA from germline infections by exogenous retroviruses that threatened primates early in their evolution and are inherited vertically in the germline. So far, HERVs have been studied in the context of extensive immunopathogenic, neuropathogenic and even oncogenic effects within their host. In particular, in our paper, we elaborate on the aspects related to the possible correlation of transposable HERV elements' activation and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein's presence in cells of COVID-19 patients or upon COVID-19 vaccination with implications for natural and adaptive immunity.

[Importance of determination of various histologic components in testicular germ cell tumors].

Testicular germ cell tumors represent about 95% of all testicular tumors. They are often composed of many different components. Seminoma usually has a favorable course but the prognosis of mixed germ cell tumors is depending on the type and proportion of different histologic components.