Chronic Retronychia: Nonsurgical Treatment.

Introduction: Retronychia is a particular form of post-traumatic ingrown nail associated with repeated microtrauma of the underside of the proximal nail fold. It is caused by the nail embedding backward into the underside of the proximal nail fold, forming multiple generations of nail plate.

Methods: The study aims to evaluate the results of a novel nonsurgical treatment of retronychia.

Alternative splicing of the vitamin D receptor modulates target gene expression and promotes ligand-independent functions.

Alternative splicing modulates gene function by creating splice variants with alternate functions or non-coding RNA activity. Naturally occurring variants of nuclear receptor (NR) genes with dominant negative or gain-of-function phenotypes have been documented, but their cellular roles, regulation, and responsiveness to environmental stress or disease remain unevaluated. Informed by observations that class I androgen and estrogen receptor variants display ligand-independent signaling in human cancer tissues, we questioned whether the function of class II NRs, like the vitamin D receptor (VDR), would also respond to alternative splicing regulation.

The impact of the tunnel exhausts in terms of heavy metals to the surrounding ecosystem.

Samples of soil, plants, and lichens were analysed for heavy metal content (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in relation to different distances from the tunnel ventilation systems in order to evaluate the environmental pollution caused by car exhausts pollution from the Tauerntunnel and the Katschbergtunnel (Austria). Results show that the extent of heavy metal pollution is related to the type of tunnel ventilation system. The vertical ventilation system which ends in an exhaust air tower in the alpine pasture of Mosermandl 1,900 m above sea level contaminates soils and plants up to a distance of 750 m from the exhaust source.