Noninvasive treatment alternative for intractable startle epilepsy.

We describe a treatment alternative for intractable, startle-provoked, epileptic seizures in four children aged between 8 and 14. Three of the four children had symptomatic localization-related epilepsy. They all suffered from intractable epilepsy precipitated by sudden sounds.

Association between frequency of nocturnal epilepsy and language disturbance in children.

In clinical practice, an association is commonly suggested between nocturnal epileptiform activity and language disorders in children. However, this association has not been studied systematically. This study explored the correlation between daily and nocturnal epileptiform discharges ratio, frequency of nocturnal epileptiform discharges, and severity of nocturnal seizures in correlation with the severity of language impairment.

Motor function in children with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy.

Introduction: In CLRE specific learning difficulties and motor problems may occur. The aim of this study is to examine whether CLRE or the accompanying specific learning difficulties are associated with the occurring problems in motor function.

Methods: Motor functioning in 140 children with CLRE and without epilepsy, as well as with and without specific learning difficulties is compared using Chi-square.

Psychomotor and motor functioning in children with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy.

The aim of this study is to investigate psychomotor- and motor functioning in children with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy (CLRE) and to explore possible relationships between these two functions. Eighty-nine children were included. Results of reaction times measurements and motor functioning tasks were compared to age-related normative values.

Behavior in children with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy: a follow-up study.

Using the Child Behavior Checklist, the behavior of 16 children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy was assessed at first admission to our epilepsy center, and approximately 2 years later. Behavior improved substantially from t(1) (first assessment, when patients were admitted to our center) to t(2) (reassessment after approximately 2 years) on almost all subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist. At t(2), all subscales scored within normal range.

Behavioral status of children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy.

Using the Child Behavior Checklist, behavior of 51 children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy was studied. According to parent report, children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy scored in the clinical range on the subscales "internalizing behavior," ''total behavior,'' and "attentional problems.'' No relation between the epilepsy factors seizure frequency, age at onset, duration of epilepsy or the number of antiepileptic drugs, and the subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist was found.

Neuropsychological profile of children with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy.

Up to one third of the epilepsy population consists of children with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy (CLRE). Unfortunately, the effect of CLRE on the development is still unclear. Behavioral and academic problems have been reported, but no conclusive study concerning the impact of CLRE on neuropsychological functioning is yet published.

The effect of duration of epilepsy on IQ in children with CLRE; a comparison to SLRE and IGE.

Up to one third of the children with epilepsy are classified as having cryptogenic localization epilepsy (CLRE). Unfortunately, not much is known on the prognosis of CLRE; it is assumed to be somewhere between the benign course of many idiopathic epilepsies and the more malignant course of most symptomatic epilepsies. The risk of cognitive decline over time seems to be increased for children with epilepsy, but no data are available specifically for CLRE.

The validity of a separate classification of cryptogenic localization related epilepsy amongst childhood epilepsies.

Introduction: One-third of children with epilepsy are classified as having a cryptogenic localization related epilepsy (CLRE). In cohort studies CLRE is often grouped together with either symptomatic localization related epilepsy (SLRE) or idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Therefore, this categorization is not specific enough and will not lead to prognostic or treatment information.

Cryptogenic localization related epilepsy in children from a tertiary outpatient clinic: is neurological and neuropsychological outcome predictable?

Objectives: Up to one-third of the children with epilepsy are diagnosed with cryptogenic localization related epilepsy (CLRE). As yet, there is a lack of studies that specify the short- and long-term prognosis for this group. In this study, we systematically established neurological outcome (represented by seizure frequency) as well as neuropsychological outcome in a cohort of 68 children with CLRE who had been referred to our tertiary outpatient clinic.

Cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy with childhood onset: The problem of definition and prognosis.

Background: Up to one-third of children with epilepsy are diagnosed with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy (CLRE). CLRE is a large nonspecific category within the ILAE classification. For this population no unequivocal prognosis exists.

Acid-base status at birth, spontaneous motor behaviour at term and 3 months and neurodevelopmental outcome at age 4 years in full-term infants.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between acid-base status and quality and quantity of General Movements (GMs) at birth and quality of GMs at age 3 months and motor, cognitive and behavioural functioning at the age of 4 years.

Methods: From a cohort of 84 term children with different umbilical artery pH without severe neonatal neurological abnormalities, GMs were assessed at term and at 3 months. At the age of 4 years, 44 children were assessed by means of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement-ABC), Neurological Examination for Toddlers of Hempel, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children information processing (Kaufman ABC), Visuomotor Integration (VMI), the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Precursors ADHD Questionnaire (PAQ).