Ultrasound Evaluation of Extracranial Cerebral Circulation (The Common, External and Internal Carotid Artery) in Different Breeds of Dogs.

Noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography (US) examination is a standard method for the clinical evaluation of the carotid arteries. Extracranial cerebral circulation includes the common carotid artery (CCA), the external carotid artery (ECA), and the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The present study was conducted with the objective of assessing physiological normative values and describing the appearance of spectral waveforms of extracranial arteries in 104 healthy dogs of eight breeds divided into four groups according to weight.

Retrospective analysis of tracheal hypoplasia in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs: Inter- and intra-observer agreement of measurements.

This retrospective study was undertaken on the records of intraluminal diameter of the trachea in 185 dogs, in which hypoplasia of the trachea had been suspected. The relative size of the trachea was measured using the tracheal diameter (TD), thoracic inlet distance (TI), thoracic tracheal diameter (TT) and the width of the third rib (3R), expressed as ratios TD:TI and TT:3R. Thirty-five dogs were diagnosed as having tracheal hypoplasia.

Inter- and Intra-Observer Variations in Radiographic Evaluation of Pelvic Limbs in Yorkshire Terriers with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Patellar Luxation.

The main aims of the study were to describe bone alignment differences in Yorkshire Terriers (YT) with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR), patellar luxation (PL), or with a combination of both (CCLR + PL); to verify the theory of increased strain on cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) due to PL as a predisposing factor; and to evaluate intra- and inter-observer variability of the protocols developed for measurement of femoral and tibial alignment in Yorkshire Terriers. Fifty-five hindlimbs of YT were divided into four groups: Control, CCLR, PL, and CCLR + PL. Thirty parameters were radiographically evaluated including hip joint, femoral, tibial, and intercondylar fossa (ICF) parameters.

Relationship of mRNA Expression of Selected Genes in Peripheral Blood and Synovial Fluid in Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifles of Dogs.

The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is characterized by chronic inflammation and osteoarthritis (OA) of the stifle joint and extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration of the ligament itself in dogs. Generally, OA may arise from chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. We assessed the possible relationship of inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of affected stifle joints in comparison to a control.