Global Effects of the Developmental Regulator BldB in Streptomyces venezuelae.

In , the Bld (Bald) regulators control formation of the reproductive aerial hyphae. The functions of some of these regulators have been well characterized, but BldB has remained enigmatic. In addition to the gene itself, Streptomyces venezuelae has 10 paralogs of that sit next to paralogs of and .

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor.

Calcium ions are predicted to be key signaling entities during biotic interactions, with calcium signaling forming an established part of the plant defense response to microbial elicitors and to wounding caused by chewing insects, eliciting systemic calcium signals in plants. However, the role of calcium in vivo during biotic stress is still unclear. This protocol describes the use of a genetically-encoded calcium sensor to detect calcium signals in plants during feeding by a hemipteran pest.

Interplay of Plasma Membrane and Vacuolar Ion Channels, Together with BAK1, Elicits Rapid Cytosolic Calcium Elevations in Arabidopsis during Aphid Feeding.

A transient rise in cytosolic calcium ion concentration is one of the main signals used by plants in perception of their environment. The role of calcium in the detection of abiotic stress is well documented; however, its role during biotic interactions remains unclear. Here, we use a fluorescent calcium biosensor (GCaMP3) in combination with the green peach aphid () as a tool to study calcium dynamics in vivo and in real time during a live biotic interaction.