Release of neuron-specific enolase and S100 after implantation of cardioverters/defibrillators.

Objective: Repeated induction of ventricular fibrillation with ensuing alterations in electroencephalogram and jugular venous oxygen saturation is common practice during insertion of transvenous implantable cardioverters/defibrillators. We investigated whether these functional changes are also associated with cerebral injury.

Design: Prospective study.