The long-term effect of perinatal asphyxia on hippocampal volumes.

Background: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term-born infants can lead to memory problems. The hippocampus is important for long-term episodic memory. The primary aim was to investigate the effect of HIE on hippocampal volumes in 9- to 10-year-old children.

Specific memory impairment following neonatal encephalopathy in term-born children.

Unlabelled: This study examines short-term memory, verbal working memory, episodic long-term memory, and intelligence in 32 children with mild neonatal encephalopathy (NE), 39 children with moderate NE, 10 children with NE who developed cerebral palsy (CP), and 53 comparison children, at the age of 9 to 10 years.

Results: in addition to a global effect on intelligence, NE had a specific effect on verbal working memory, verbal and visuo-spatial long-term memory, and learning, which was associated with degree of NE. Although these memory problems occurred in children without CP, they were more pronounced when children had also developed CP.

Serial MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome in 9- to 10-year-old children with neonatal encephalopathy.

Objective: To assess the relation between patterns of brain injury on neonatal and childhood magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome.

Study Design: Neonatal (n = 34) and childhood MRIs (n = 77) were analyzed for 80 children with neonatal encephalopathy and for 51 control subjects during childhood. MRIs were graded as normal, mildly abnormal (white matter lesions), or moderately/severely abnormal (watershed injury, lesions in basal ganglia/thalamus or focal infarction).

Behavioral outcome in children with a history of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia.

Objective: To examine the effects of mild and moderate neonatal encephalopathy (NE) on behavioral functioning, and prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses at 9-10 years.

Methods: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher's Report Form (TRF), Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV (DISC-IV), and the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) were used to assess behavioral outcome of 34 children with mild NE, 47 children with moderate NE, and 53 typically developing controls.

Results: Both children with mild and moderate NE showed more problematic behaviors than controls, which are related to a diversity of behavioral domains: elevated rates of social problems, anxiety and depression, attention regulation problems, and thought problems.

Corpus callosum size in relation to motor performance in 9- to 10-year-old children with neonatal encephalopathy.

Magnetic resonance imaging studies have contributed to recognize the patterns of cerebral injury related to neonatal encephalopathy (NE). We assessed whether a smaller corpus callosum (CC) explained the difference in motor performance between school-age children with NE and controls. Frontal, middle, and posterior areas of the CC were measured in 61 9-10-y-old children with NE and in 47 controls.

Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: a review.

Unlabelled: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) following perinatal asphyxia (PA) is considered an important cause of later neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born at term. This review discusses long-term consequences for general cognitive functioning, educational achievement, neuropsychological functioning and behavior. In all areas reviewed, the outcome of children with mild NE is consistently positive and the outcome of children with severe NE consistently negative.