Interaction between the Accumulation of Cadmium and Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin Produced by in Durum Wheat Grains.

Durum wheat is one of the cereal crops that accumulates the highest concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin in its grains, thereby affecting the safety of products made of durum wheat grains (pasta and semolina). This study investigates the interaction between Cd and , the main causal agent of DON accumulation in grains. A pot experiment was designed to characterize the response of durum wheat to infection at three levels of Cd exposure: 0.

Screening of Wood/Forest and Vine By-Products as Sources of New Drugs for Sustainable Strategies to Control and the Production of Mycotoxins.

is a fungal pathogen that can colonize small-grain cereals and maize and secrete type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. The development of environmental-friendly strategies guaranteeing the safety of food and feed is a key challenge facing agriculture today. One of these strategies lies on the promising capacity of products issued from natural sources to counteract crop pests.

Investigating the Efficiency of Hydroxycinnamic Acids to Inhibit the Production of Enniatins by and Modulate the Expression of Enniatins Biosynthetic Genes.

Enniatins (ENNs) that belong to the group of emerging mycotoxins are widespread contaminants of agricultural commodities. There is currently insufficient evidence to rule out health concerns associated with long-term exposure to ENNs and efforts must be strengthened to define a control strategy. While the potential of plant compounds to counteract the contamination with legislated mycotoxins has been reported, little remains known regarding ENNs.

Mycotoxin Biosynthesis and Central Metabolism Are Two Interlinked Pathways in Fusarium graminearum, as Demonstrated by the Extensive Metabolic Changes Induced by Caffeic Acid Exposure.

is a major plant pathogen that causes devastating diseases of cereals and produces type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins in infected grains. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the regulation of TCTB biosynthesis is required for improving strategies to control the TCTB contamination of crops and ensuring that these strategies do not favor the production of other toxic metabolites by Elucidation of the association of TCTB biosynthesis with other central and specialized processes was the focus of this study. Combined H nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analyses were used to compare the exo- and endometabolomes of grown under toxin-inducing and -repressing caffeic acid conditions.

Variability of composition and effects of essential oils from Rhanterium adpressum Coss. & Durieu against mycotoxinogenic Fusarium strains.

The antifungal potency of the essential oils of Rhanterium adpressum was evaluated against four mycotoxigenic strains of the genus Fusarium. The essential oils were obtained, separately, by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts of R. adpressum (leaves and flowers).

Ferulic acid, an efficient inhibitor of type B trichothecene biosynthesis and Tri gene expression in Fusarium liquid cultures.

The effect of ferulic acid, the most abundant phenolic acid in wheat bran, was studied in vitro on type B trichothecene biosynthesis by Fusarium. It was demonstrated that ferulic acid is an efficient inhibitor of mycotoxin production by all strains of Fusarium tested, including different chemotypes and species. To analyse the mechanism of toxin biosynthesis inhibition by ferulic acid, expression of representative Tri genes, involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway, was monitored by real-time RT-PCR.

Fusarium response to oxidative stress by H2O2 is trichothecene chemotype-dependent.

The present study aims at clarifying the impact of oxidative stress on type B trichothecene production. The responses to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) of an array of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum strains were compared, both species carrying either the chemotype deoxynivalenol (DON) or nivalenol (NIV). In both cases, levels of in vitro toxin production are greatly influenced by the oxidative parameters of the medium.

Accumulation of deoxynivalenol and its 15-acetylated form is significantly modulated by oxidative stress in liquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum.

Liquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum were supplemented with H2O2 or other oxidative compounds. The accumulation kinetics of the resulting trichothecenes were monitored. At non-lethal concentrations, the H2O2 treatments modulated toxin accumulation, dependent on the method of supplementation.