A pregnant dilemma: primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyromatosis in pregnancy.

Objective: To describe an exceedingly rare case of parathyromatosis in pregnancy and the limited medical treatment options available for such cases that are refractory to surgery.

Methods: Case presentation and description of clinical course with brief review of the literature.

Results: A 21-year-old woman with a history of 3.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis/HIV-1 coinfection and disease: role of human leukocyte antigen variation.

Genetic variation influences immune responses and may contribute to differential development of tuberculosis (TB), particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. To examine the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection progressing to disease in the context of M. tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 coinfection, HIV-1 RNA load and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes were determined among subjects from Harare, Zimbabwe, an area where both TB and HIV-1 are endemic.