Lower retinol levels as an independent predictor of mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients: a prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Malnutrition, inflammation, and oxidative stress are inter-related mechanisms linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease and prognosis of long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this study, we focus on antioxidant vitamins and trace elements and the relationship of their serum levels to the prognosis of long-term HD patients.

Study Design: Prospective observational cohort study.