Expanding Clinical Assessment for Traumatic Brain Injury and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis of Virtual Environment Tasks in the Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment.

The objective of this study was to determine whether physical performance during virtual environment (VE) tasks in the Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) could differentiate between service members (SMs) with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with and without comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data were obtained by independent review of clinical notes, objective outcomes, and validated questionnaires from 214 SMs (208 males) with a history of TBI assessed in the CAREN from 2010 to 2015. Three preliminary VEs acclimatized patients to the CAREN: Balance Balls, weight shifting on a static platform (timed); Balance Cubes, step shifting with and without platform motion (timed); and Continuous Road, flat ambulation (self-selected speed).

Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors.

Rationale: For several decades, elite athletes and a growing number of recreational consumers have used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as performance enhancing drugs. Despite mounting evidence that illicit use of these synthetic steroids has detrimental effects on affective states, information available on sex-specific actions of these drugs is lacking.

Objectives: The focus of this review is to assess information to date on the importance of sex and its interaction with other environmental factors on affective behaviors, with an emphasis on data derived from non-human studies.

Sex and exercise interact to alter the expression of anabolic androgenic steroid-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the mouse.

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are taken by both sexes to enhance athletic performance and body image, nearly always in conjunction with an exercise regime. Although taken to improve physical attributes, chronic AAS use can promote negative behavior, including anxiety. Few studies have directly compared the impact of AAS use in males versus females or assessed the interaction of exercise and AAS.