The dangers of sublethal carvacrol exposure: increases in virulence of during endophthalmitis.

can cause endophthalmitis through secretion of virulence factors, including hemolysin BL (Hbl) and nonhemolytic entertoxin (Nhe). Carvacrol is an extract from oregano oil, with potential for curtailing endophthalmitis, due to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory qualities. However, sublethal levels of carvacrol increases virulence.

VAMP2 is implicated in the secretion of antibodies by human plasma cells and can be replaced by other synaptobrevins.

The production and secretion of antibodies by human plasma cells (PCs) are two essential processes of humoral immunity. The secretion process relies on a group of proteins known as soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), which are located in the plasma membrane (t-SNAREs) and in the antibody-carrying vesicle membrane (v-SNARE), and mediate the fusion of both membranes. We have previously shown that SNAP23 and STX4 are the t-SNAREs responsible for antibody secretion.

Anti-nuclear antibodies positive serum from systemic lupus erythematosus patients promotes cardiovascular manifestations and the presence of human antibody in the brain.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) in the serum of patients. These antibodies may cross over into the brain resulting in the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms and result in abnormal pathology in other organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if SLE pathology could be detected in the hearts and brains of rats injected with positive human ANA serum.