Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and IgE-mediated immune responses of a mixed whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccine schedule in Australian infants: A randomised, double-blind, noninferiority trial.

Background: In many countries, infant vaccination with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines has replaced use of more reactogenic whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines. Based on immunological and epidemiological evidence, we hypothesised that substituting the first aP dose in the routine vaccination schedule with wP vaccine might protect against IgE-mediated food allergy. We aimed to compare reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and IgE-mediated responses of a mixed wP/aP primary schedule versus the standard aP-only schedule.

Infant Whole-Cell Versus Acellular Pertussis Vaccination in 1997 to 1999 and Risk of Childhood Hospitalization for Food-Induced Anaphylaxis: Linked Administrative Databases Cohort Study.

Background: Evidence suggests that children who had received an initial priming dose of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine, rather than acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, had a lower risk of developing IgE-mediated food allergy, the most common cause of anaphylaxis-related hospital presentations of childhood.

Objective: To assess the association between wP versus aP vaccination in infancy and subsequent hospital presentations for anaphylaxis.

Methods: This study was preregistered under PMID 34874968.

Association between pertussis vaccination in infancy and childhood asthma: A population-based record linkage cohort study.

Background: Asthma is among the commonest noncommunicable diseases of childhood and often occurs with other atopic comorbidities. A previous case-control study found evidence that compared to children who received acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines in early infancy, children who received one or more doses of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine had lower risk of developing IgE-mediated food allergy. We hypothesized that wP vaccination in early infancy might protect against atopic asthma in childhood.

Childhood vaccination and allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background And Objective: As the rise in prevalence of allergic diseases worldwide corresponds in time with increasing infant vaccination, it has been hypothesized that childhood vaccination may increase the risk of allergic disease. We aimed to synthesize the literature on the association between childhood vaccination and allergy.

Design: We searched the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE (January 1946-January 2018) using vaccination and allergy terms.

OPTIMUM study protocol: an adaptive randomised controlled trial of a mixed whole-cell/acellular pertussis vaccine schedule.

Introduction: Combination vaccines containing whole-cell pertussis antigens were phased out from the Australian national immunisation programme between 1997 and 1999 and replaced by the less reactogenic acellular pertussis (aP) antigens. In a large case-control study of Australian children born during the transition period, those with allergist diagnosed IgE-mediated food allergy were less likely to have received whole-cell vaccine in early infancy than matched population controls (OR: 0.77 (95% CI, 0.

Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccination and Decreased Risk of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Background: Rates of food allergy have increased markedly in Australia and other high- income countries in recent years. On the basis of ecological observations, and the known immunologic characteristics of whole-cell pertussis (wP) compared with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, we hypothesized that wP vaccination in infancy protects against the development of food allergy.

Objective: To determine whether infants who receive wP in infancy were less likely to develop IgE-mediated food allergy than those who received aP.

Protocol for Pertussis Immunisation and Food Allergy (PIFA): a case-control study of the association between pertussis vaccination in infancy and the risk of IgE-mediated food allergy among Australian children.

Introduction: Atopic diseases, including food allergy, have become a predominant cause of chronic illness among children in developed countries. In Australia, a rise in hospitalisations among infants coded as anaphylaxis to foods coincided with the replacement of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine with subunit acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine on the national immunisation schedule in the late 1990s. Atopy is characterised by a tendency to mount T helper type 2 (Th2) responses to otherwise innocuous environmental antigens.

TRAIL+ NK cells control CD4+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection to limit autoimmunity.

Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to control adaptive immune responses that occur in lymphoid organs at the early stages of immune challenge. The physiological purpose of such regulatory activity remains unclear, because it generally does not confer a survival advantage. We found that NK cells specifically eliminated activated CD4(+) T cells in the salivary gland during chronic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection.

CpG pretreatment enhances antiviral T-cell immunity against cytomegalovirus.

Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T-cell immunity is essential to control infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a clinically important virus that causes significant disease in immunocompromised individuals. Cross-presentation is considered the primary mode of antigen presentation to generate protective antiviral CD8⁺ T-cell immunity. Herpesviruses, including CMV, encode numerous proteins that interfere with direct antigen presentation, leading to the paradigm that T-cell immunity to these pathogens necessitates cross-presentation.

rAAV.sFlt-1 gene therapy achieves lasting reversal of retinal neovascularization in the absence of a strong immune response to the viral vector.

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of rAAV.sFlt-1-mediated gene therapy in a transgenic mouse model of retinal neovascularization (trVEGF029) and to assess whether rAAV.sFlt-1 administration generated any deleterious, long-lasting immune response that could affect efficacy.

Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific T cells by a bluetongue virus tubule-vectored vaccine prime-recombinant modified virus Ankara boost regimen.

In the absence of strategies for reliable induction of antibodies broadly neutralizing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), vaccine efforts have shifted toward the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Here we describe the construction and immunogenicity of novel T-cell vaccine NS1.HIVA, which delivers the HIV-1 clade A consensus-derived immunogen HIVA on the surface of tubular structures spontaneously formed by protein NS1 of bluetongue virus.

Altered primary CD8+ T cell response to a modified virus Ankara(MVA)-vectored vaccine in the absence of CD4+ T cell help.

T cell receptor-transgenic F5 mice were used to assess primary CD8+ T cell responses to a modified virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored vaccine in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Naive, CD8-enriched, CFSE-labelled F5 cells were transferred into normal or CD4+ cell-depleted mice and the mice were vaccinated with MVA.HIVA-NP.

Vaccine route, dose and type of delivery vector determine patterns of primary CD8+ T cell responses.

The dynamics of primary CD8+ T cell responses following administration of modified virus Ankara (MVA)- and DNA-vectored vaccines was investigated in a mouse model. To overcome the low frequency of naive antigen-specific precursors and follow the early expansion events, naive CFSE-labelled T cell receptor-transgenic F5 lymphocytes were transferred into syngeneic non-transgenic recipients prior to vaccination. Using the i.

DNA vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the main hope for controlling the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. An ideal HIV vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ helper T cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies remains a highly challenging goal, there are a number of technologies capable of inducing potent cell-mediated responses in animal models, which are now starting to be tested in humans.

Prime-boost immunization generates a high frequency, high-avidity CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte population.

Development and expansion of high-avidity T cell populations may be important for the success of immunization strategies against HIV and other pathogens that have presented major problems for vaccine development. We have used tetrameric-MHC complexes ex vivo and lytic assays to show that 'prime-boost' immunization with DNA vaccines and recombinant poxvirus vectors generates high frequencies of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that recognize target cells expressing very low levels of specific antigen. These cells persist for at least 6 months at levels representing approximately 10% of the CD8(+) T cell population.