Proinflammatory CD20 T cells contribute to CNS-directed autoimmunity.

The origin and function of CD20 T cells are poorly understood. Here, we characterized CD20 T cells in mice and humans and investigated how they are affected by anti-CD20 antibody treatment. We report that murine CD20 T cells are unable to endogenously express the B cell lineage marker CD20; the development of CD20 T cells in rodents requires the presence of CD20-expressing B cells.

An RNA Thermometer Activity of the West Nile Virus Genomic 3'-Terminal Stem-Loop Element Modulates Viral Replication Efficiency during Host Switching.

The 3'-terminal stem-loop (3'SL) of the RNA genome of the flavivirus West Nile (WNV) harbors, in its stem, one of the sequence elements that are required for genome cyclization. As cyclization is a prerequisite for the initiation of viral replication, the 3'SL was proposed to act as a replication silencer. The lower part of the 3'SL is metastable and confers a structural flexibility that may regulate the switch from the linear to the circular conformation of the viral RNA.