In-party love spreads more efficiently than out-party hate in online communities.

In this article, we present the findings of a comprehensive longitudinal social network analysis conducted on Twitter across four consecutive election campaigns in Spain, spanning from 2015 to 2019. Our focus is on the discernible trend of increasing partisan and ideological homogeneity within interpersonal exchanges on this social media platform, alongside high levels of networking efficiency measured through average retweeting. This diachronic study allows us to observe how dynamics of party competition might contribute to perpetuating and strengthening network ideological and partisan homophily, creating 'epistemic bubbles' in Twitter, yet showing a greater resistance to transforming them into 'partisan echo-chambers.

The dynamics of political and affective polarisation: Datasets for Spain, Portugal, Italy, Argentina, and Chile (2019-2022).

The TRI-POL project explores the triangle of interactive relationships between affective and ideological polarisation, political distrust, and the politics of party competition. In this project there are two complementary groups of datasets with individual-level survey data and digital trace data collected in five countries: Argentina, Chile, Italy, Portugal and Spain. These datasets are comprised of three waves carried out over a six-month period between late September 2021 and April 2022.

Political and affective polarisation in a democracy in crisis: The E-Dem panel survey dataset (Spain, 2018-2019).

The E-DEM dataset provides information on the evolution of political and affective polarisation and electoral behaviour in the aftermath of the political crisis that shook the Spanish party system starting in 2014. The dataset is formed by a four-wave online panel survey of the Spanish voting age population between late October 2018 and May 2019. The four waves coincide with key moments in Spanish political life including local, regional, national, and European elections, as well as the conviction of Catalan secessionist leaders.