The fight against smallpox during the Savoy kingdom in Genoa between 1815 and 1859.

Introduction: The article aims to outline the features of the efforts for smallpox eradication within the pre-unitary context of the Kingdom of Sardinia, characterized by a long tradition in medical-health prevention. This tradition is partly inherited from the health magistracies of the Italian states during the ancient regime and partly adopted from policies initially outlined by Napoleon and later by other European states. In addition to prevention activities, authorities also engage in a vigorous information and awareness campaign aimed at eliminating common prejudices and doubts about vaccination among the population.

A historical and palaeopathological perspective on cancer.

Cancer is often wrongly considered to be a modern disease in many popular medical venues. Cancers have been known to humanity since ancient times. In fact, its antiquity can be identified through the application of palaeopathological methodologies.

Balto and Togo during the cold winter of Alaska (1925): the two canine heroes in the fight against diphtheria.

In recent years, diphtheria has re-emerged in areas with inadequate vaccination coverage, and Europe has not been spared with several cases among migrants. Diphtheria is a potentially fatal infection caused mainly by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Due to the high mortality rate, especially among young children, the fight against diphtheria is considered one of the first conquests of immunization.

The history of polio vaccination with "Sabin's OPV" 60 years after its introduction in Italy: an unforgivable "delay".

In the spring of 1964, polio vaccination with the oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin began in Italy. Polio was feared in the world and in Italy. Thus, between 1957 and the beginning of 1958, Italian children began receiving the "Salk vaccine", though the results were not particularly convincing.

The effect of diabetes training through social networks on metabolic control of individuals with type 2 diabetes; a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Due to spread of smart phones, opportunity to train patients with diabetes and communicate with them using social media is rising. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of training through two popular social networks in Iran ("Telegram" and "Soroush") and the metabolic control of people with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, we recruited 134 patients with type 2 diabetes, which randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention and the control group on a 1:1 basis.

Mpox: "the stigma is as dangerous as the virus". Historical, social, ethical issues and future forthcoming.

Objectives: The authors aim to show the possibility of stigma that hits affected Mpox patients because of the statements of society involving their sexual sphere.

Introduction: 23 July 2022, the Director-General of the WHO, Thedos Ghebreyesus, issued an international public health alert regarding cases of Mpox (formerly known as Monkeypox). Although Mpox has been present in an endemic form for years in some Central African countries, the spread of the disease outside Africa has aroused considerable alarm in populations already sorely afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The history of pertussis: from an ancient scourge to a contemporary health burden.

The present article offers a historical overview on pertussis (whooping cough) by analysing the ancient epidemic manifestations of the disease and the path towards the discovery of an effective vaccine against it. The original mentions of pertussis are examined with reference to Mediaeval Afghanistan and the famous AD 1578 Paris epidemic described by the French physician Guillaume de Baillou. The historical data are then matched with information derived from analyses of phylogenetic trees of B.

Adults' perceived health promotion needs in the prediabetes stage: a meta-synthesis study.

Introduction: One of the methods to promote pre-diabetic patients' adherence to preventive behaviors and improving their lifestyle is to pay attention to their needs in the designed educational programs. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the needs of individuals with prediabetes.

Methodology: Three databases, including ISI/Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus were searched without time limitation until August 2022.

The health of mankind and the health of the planet in a historical-ethical perspective: an inseparable relationship and a single destiny.

Recent years have seen increasingly severe natural disasters, the consequences of which have been catastrophic. Clearly, our global environment is undergoing major changes. The climate is becoming deranged and pollution on a global scale afflicts air, water, and land.

The specter of cholera in Libya and North Africa: Natural disasters and anthropization threaten human health during recent years.

Introduction: According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), in the last year cholera has re-emerged in various areas of the planet, particularly in Africa. The resurgence of this disease is closely linked to poor hygiene, which is sometimes the result of wars or environmental disasters, as in Lebanon and Syria since autumn 2022 and today in Libya.

Discussion: The spread of cholera is chiefly caused by the presence of contaminated water, in environments with inadequate hygiene and sanitation.

History of primary health care in Iran.

Background: The history of the primary healthcare system in Iran portrays a journey of strategic development and implementation that has resulted in significant advancements in healthcare access and overall population well-being. Starting in the early 1980s, Iran embarked on a comprehensive approach to health care delivery prioritizing universal access, equity, and community participation.

Introduction: The foundation of this system was established during the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978, which placed a strong emphasis on the role of primary health care in attaining health for all.

Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a benign course in several patients; however, a serious form of this disease can turn into liver failure, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aim: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of NAFLD in Iran.

Method: We searched the following databases from January 2000 to December 2022: Scopus, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Web of Sciences, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar also a number of Iranian databases, namely MagIran, SID, and Elmnet.

: The Italian botanist Arturo Nannizzi (1887-1961) and his contribution to the treatment of parkinsonism following encephalitis lethargica.

We describe the Italian contribution to the description and treatment of parkinsonism following encephalitis lethargica (EL): postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP). Special attention is devoted to the description of postencephalitic symptoms by Giuseppe Panegrossi (1871-1953) and to the treatment based on introduced in Italy and extensively supported by Arturo Nannizzi (1887-1961), who was charged by the queen of Italy with conducting research into this plant and advocating its cultivation for healing purposes. This article gives us the unique opportunity to revisit the figure of this distinguished botanist, providing a summary of his biography, interests, and achievements.

The challenges of urban family physician program over the past decade in Iran: a scoping review and qualitative study with policy-makers.

Introduction: Despite all the advantages of urban family physician program (UFPP), there is still a gap between UFPP and what is actually achieved by the community after its implementation in Iran. In response, this study attempted to review published studies related to the barriers to the implementation of the UFPP in Iran as well as potential solutions to improve it. Further, a qualitative study was conducted to learn the perspectives of experts at the national level and in the Fars province in order to better understand the program's challenges.

Measles: a new danger for Ukraine's children! The need for an effective and timely vaccination prevention campaign for an insidious disease that comes from afar.

Background: Measles, a highly contagious and dangerous disease that can cause disability or even death, remains endemic in Ukraine. This is a serious public health problem that absolutely needs to be monitored. Indeed, in the years 2017-2019, Ukraine was hit by a major measles epidemic, which caused serious problems for the population.

The ghost of polio haunts us once again. The appeal of the scientific community is clear: "Vaccinate your kids today!".

Introduction: In the summer of 2022, a vaccination campaign for the prevention of poliomyelitis was launched and "The CDC recommend that all children be vaccinated against polio, or poliomyelitis". The scientific community is on the alert for new cases of polio, which is spreading. Although polio seemed to have been almost completely eradicated throughout the world, the disease has surprisingly reappeared in some Western countries.

The insidious return of cholera in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Lebanon and Syria: a worrying signal! Past, present, and future forthcoming.

Introduction: War, hunger, and disease continue to decimate the populations of many countries in the world. Owing to conflicts, environmental instability and natural disasters, many people, especially the poorest, fall victim to epidemic diseases. One such disease, cholera, began to spread again in 2022, striking Lebanon and Syria, countries that have experienced serious social troubles for years.

Analysis and evolution of health policies in Iran through policy triangle framework during the last thirty years: a systematic review of the historical period from 1994 to 2021.

Background: Health policy analysis as a multi-disciplinary approach to public policy illustrates the need for interventions that highlight and address important policy issues, improve the policy formulation and implementation process and lead to better health outcomes. Various theories and frameworks have been contributed as the foundation for the analysis of policy in various studies. This study aimed to analyze health policies during the historical period of the almost last 30 years in Iran using policy triangle framework.