Treatment utilization among people with drug use disorders in prison: a national longitudinal cohort study.

Background: Drug use disorders are highly prevalent among people in prison. Nevertheless, treatment coverage for individuals with drug use disorders in prison remains understudied and unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate treatment coverage among a sample of people with harmful and likely drug dependence before entering prison and to investigate the factors associated with treatment utilization.

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Background: In the period 2002-2020, a total of 431 people were sentenced to coercive mental health care. Many of these had served time in prison, either previously or in connection with the criminal acts that led to the current sentences. This study examines the background, criminal history and mental health status of individuals before they committed the offences that led to their imprisonment.

Estimated effects of opioid agonist treatment in prison on all-cause mortality and overdose mortality in people released from prison in Norway: a prospective analysis of data from the Norwegian Prison Release Study (nPRIS).

Background: Overdose is the leading cause of death for people released from prison, and opioid agonist treatment is associated with reductions in mortality after imprisonment. However, few studies have explored the interplay of the potential modifiable risk factors and protective factors for mortality after release from prison. We aimed to describe all-cause mortality and overdose mortality among individuals released from Norwegian prisons during 2000-22 and to identify pre-existing risk factors associated with both types of mortality among these individuals for 6 months.

Mortality in women with a history of incarceration in Norway: a 20-year national cohort study.

Background: Women carry a substantial burden of psychiatric, somatic and lifestyle-related morbidity in the prison context. By describing causes of death and estimating the risk and burden of mortality compared with the general population, this study investigates how mortality operates in this highly marginalized and under-researched population.

Methods: In this registry-based study of all women incarcerated in Norwegian prisons from 2000 to 2019 (N = 11 313), we calculated crude mortality rates, years of lost life and, by using mortality in age-matched women from the general population as a reference, age-standardized mortality ratios and years of lost life rates.

All-cause and cause-specific mortality among individuals imprisoned for driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs in Norway (2000-2016): a retrospective cohort study.

Aims: To describe all-cause and cause-specific mortality and to investigate factors associated with mortality among individuals imprisoned for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol and psychoactive drugs in the Norwegian prison population.

Design: Retrospective cohort study. The Norwegian prison registry was linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry (2000-2016).

Leaving Their Drugs at the Gate? Exploring Changes in Drug Use From Before to During Incarceration in Norway.

As the number of incarcerated persons who use drugs increases in many countries, it is important to understand the nature of drug use in prison by exploring how substance use patterns change from before to during incarceration. In this study, we rely on cross-sectional, self-report data from The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study to identify the nature of changes in drug use among incarcerated respondents who reported having used either narcotics, non-prescribed medications, or both, during the 6 months before their incarceration ( = 824). Results show that about 60% ( = 490) stop using drugs.

Psychiatric morbidity among women in Norwegian prisons, 2010-2019: a register-based study.

Purpose: Research suggests that women in prison have more mental health problems than men and are prone to suffer from more severe psychiatric disorders. This study utilizes national registry data to describe demographic and psychiatric gender differences in Norwegian prisons, and to investigate comorbid psychiatric disorders and time trends in psychiatric morbidity among women.

Methods: Longitudinal data from the Norwegian Prison Release Study linked with the Norwegian Patient Registry and data from Statistics Norway provided information on health care utilization, socioeconomic status, and history of psychiatric disorders among all individuals (n = 5,429; n = 45,432) who were incarcerated in a Norwegian prison between 2010 and 2019.

The association between drug use and mortality in a norwegian prison cohort: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Elevated mortality rates are found among people who have experienced incarceration, even long after release from prison. The mechanisms related to this excess mortality are complex products of both individual and situational factors. The aim of this study was to describe all-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with a history of imprisonment, and to examine both individual and situational factors associated with mortality.

Drug use and re-imprisonment: A prospective study of the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) cohort.

Background: Re-imprisonments are common among people in prison who use drugs. This study aims to describe sociodemographic factors, mental health and level of pre-prison substance use in a cohort of people in prison, and to investigate re-imprisonment during follow-up according to their level of pre-prison drug use.

Methods: This was a prospective study using baseline data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) cohort ( = 733) recruited in 2013-2014 linked to data from the Norwegian Prison Registry and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry.

The association of prison security level with mortality after release from prison: a retrospective national cohort study (2000-16).

Background: Incarceration might contribute to increased mortality in an already marginalised population. A better understanding of the prison-related factors that are associated with mortality is important for preventing the negative health consequences of incarceration. We aimed to investigate all-cause and cause-specific mortality following release from high-security and low-security prisons.

PriSUD-Nordic-Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in the Prison Population: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

Background: A large proportion of the prison population experiences substance use disorders (SUDs), which are associated with poor physical and mental health, social marginalization, and economic disadvantage. Despite the global situation characterized by the incarceration of large numbers of people with SUD and the health problems associated with SUD, people in prison are underrepresented in public health research.

Objective: The overall objective of the PriSUD (Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in Prison)-Nordic project is to develop new knowledge that will contribute to better mental and physical health, improved quality of life, and better life expectancies among people with SUD in prison.

Factors associated with drug use in prison - results from the Norwegian offender mental health and addiction (NorMA) study.

Background: Remarkably little is known about drug use during imprisonment, including whether it represents a continuation of pre-incarceration drug use, or whether prison is also a setting for drug use initiation. This paper aims to describe drug use among people in prison in Norway and investigate risk factors associated with in-prison drug use.

Methods: We used data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study, a cross-sectional survey of 1499 individuals in Norwegian prisons.

The clinical consequences of variable selection in multiple regression models: a case study of the Norwegian Opioid Maintenance Treatment program.

Selecting which variables to include in multiple regression models is a pervasive problem in medical research. Based on questionnaire data (n = 18538, 69.9% men) from the Norwegian Opioid Maintenance Treatment Program, this study aims to compare the performance of different variable selection methods and the potential clinical consequences of choice of method.

From restrictive to more liberal: variations in moratlity among patients in opioid maintenance treament over a 12-year period.

Background: As the effect of opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) on overdose mortality varies both between and within countries, treatment programs need to be evaluated in different treatment settings and over time within settings. We evaluated variations in mortality in a national programme: from the initial rollout as restrictive and low-capacity to its gradual change into more liberal and higher-volume.

Methods: A 12-year prospective longitudinal cohort study including all persons (n = 6871) applying for and entering OMT in Norway (1997-2009).

How handling missing data may impact conclusions: A comparison of six different imputation methods for categorical questionnaire data.

Objectives: Missing data is a recurrent issue in many fields of medical research, particularly in questionnaires. The aim of this article is to describe and compare six conceptually different multiple imputation methods, alongside the commonly used complete case analysis, and to explore whether the choice of methodology for handling missing data might impact clinical conclusions drawn from a regression model when data are categorical.

Methods: In addition to the commonly used complete case analysis, we tested the following six imputation methods: multiple imputation using expectation-maximization with bootstrapping, multiple imputation using multiple correspondence analysis, multiple imputation using latent class analysis, multiple hot deck imputation and multivariate imputation by chained equations with two different model specifications: logistic regression and random forests.

Factors associated with ongoing criminal engagement while in opioid maintenance treatment.

Introduction: This study examines factors associated with criminal engagement among patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT).

Methods: Questionnaire data recorded annually among 5654 patients in the Norwegian OMT programme between 2005 and 2010 from seven regional treatment centres were available for analyses. Each patient answered approximately 4 times (mean: 4.

High risk of overdose death following release from prison: variations in mortality during a 15-year observation period.

Background And Aims: The time post-release from prison involves elevated mortality, especially overdose deaths. Variations in overdose mortality both by time since release from prison and time of release has not been investigated sufficiently. Our aims were to estimate and compare overdose death rates at time intervals after prison release and to estimate the effect on overdose death rates over calendar time.

The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction Study - Design and Implementation of a National Survey and Prospective Cohort Study.

The Norwegian prison inmates are burdened by problems before they enter prison. Few studies have managed to assess this burden and relate it to what occurs for the inmates once they leave the prison. The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study is a large-scale longitudinal cohort study that combines national survey and registry data in order to understand mental health, substance use, and criminal activity before, during, and after custody among prisoners in Norway.