Substituting Potatoes with Other Food Groups and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: Findings from the Diet, Cancer, and Health Study.

Background: Although potatoes are considered a dietary staple in some cultures, evidence suggests that their impact on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is nuanced, with preparation methods and dietary patterns playing crucial roles. Investigating the substitution effects of replacing potatoes with other foods is required to inform dietary recommendations for lowering T2D risk.

Objective: The objective of this was to investigate associations between the substitution of potatoes (excluding fries/chips) with other food groups (vegetables, whole grains, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, poultry, fish, and dairy) and the risk of T2D.

Exhausting, but necessary: the lived experience of participants in an intensive inpatient trauma treatment program.

Background: Intensive inpatient treatment programs have shown robust results in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). How patients experience this treatment program and what changes they experience as a result of the treatment have, however, only scarcely been explored through qualitative studies.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the lived experience of participants in an intensive inpatient trauma treatment program.

Evaluating the health impact of increased linseed consumption in the Danish population.

Consumption of linseeds has been suggested to have beneficial effects on human health. However, toxic constituents of linseed may compromise these benefits. We conducted a quantitative risk-benefit assessment to evaluate the overall health impact of increasing linseed intake up to 45 g/day in the Danish population (15-74 years).

A Novel CDC42 Variant with Impaired Thymopoiesis, IL-7R Signaling, PAK1 Binding, and TCR Repertoire Diversity.

Genetic variants in cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) can manifest with dysmorphic features, autoinflammation, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, whereas defective thymopoiesis is a rare disease manifestation. We report a novel CDC42 missense variant (c.46A > G, p.

Dominant-negative heterozygous mutations in AIRE confer diverse autoimmune phenotypes.

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe and childhood onset organ-specific autoimmunity caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator () gene. More recently, dominant-negative mutations within the PHD1, PHD2, and SAND domains have been associated with an incompletely penetrant milder phenotype with later onset familial clustering, often masquerading as organ-specific autoimmunity. Patients with immunodeficiencies or autoimmunity where genetic analyses revealed heterozygous mutations were included in the study and the dominant-negative effects of the mutations were functionally assessed .

Male origin microchimerism and brain cancer: a case-cohort study.

Background: Despite considerable research effort, causes of brain cancer are largely unknown. Male brain cancer predominance and reduced brain cancer risk with increasing parity among women, however, support a favourable role of pregnancy. We set out to determine whether fetal-origin microchimerism, namely the presence and long-term persistence of fetal cells, likely obtained via natural trafficking across the placenta during pregnancy, associates with reduced risk of brain cancer in women.

The development of an indel panel for microchimerism detection.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to create a simple assay for microchimerism detection independent of sex and without HLA genotyping.

Methods: The method is based on detection of insertion or deletions utilizing a multiplex PCR followed by fragment analysis by capillary electrophoresis, and probe-based qPCR assays. A total of 192 samples, taken either before pregnancy, during 1st trimester, or either during 2nd trimester or at miscarriage, obtained from a cohort of 97 female patients with either primary or secondary recurrent pregnancy loss, were screened for fetal microchimerism by the indel panel as well as an existing assay based on detection of the Y-chromosome marker; DYS14.

Male-origin microchimerism and endometrial cancer: A prospective case-cohort study.

Background: Many women carry male cells of presumed fetal origin-so-called male-origin microchimerism (MOM)-in their circulation and tissues. Studies have found reduced risks of hormone dependent cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer, among MOM-positive women. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between MOM and endometrial cancer.

Dietary Fatty Acids, Macronutrient Substitutions, Food Sources and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease: Findings From the EPIC-CVD Case-Cohort Study Across Nine European Countries.

Background There is controversy about associations between total dietary fatty acids, their classes (saturated fatty acids [SFAs], monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids), and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Specifically, the relevance of food sources of SFAs to CHD associations is uncertain. Methods and Results We conducted a case-cohort study involving 10 529 incident CHD cases and a random subcohort of 16 730 adults selected from a cohort of 385 747 participants in 9 countries of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study.

Intake of Unprocessed and Processed Meat and the Association with Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.

We conducted an overview of systematic reviews to summarize reviews of cohort studies on intake of unprocessed and processed meat and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Systematic reviews of cohort studies published between January 2010 and August 2020 were identified through a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The quality of how each review was conducted was assessed and the overall confidence in the results of each review was rated using AMSTAR 2.

Hematologically important mutations: The autosomal forms of chronic granulomatous disease (third update).

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency disorder affecting about 1 in 250,000 individuals. CGD patients suffer from severe, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. The disease is caused by mutations in the genes encoding the components of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase.

Long-term Functional Urinary and Sexual Outcomes in Patients with Anorectal Malformations-A Systematic Review.

Context: Long-term urinary and sexual outcomes after repair of anorectal malformations (ARMs) are currently affected by concomitant malformations of the urinary tract and genitalia, sacral anomalies, and the surgical approach. However, the overall prevalence of urinary and sexual dysfunction remains unclear.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of urinary and sexual dysfunction in patients aged >10 yr after repair of ARM in infancy.

Approaches for Health Effect Characterization in Risk-Benefit Assessment of Foods: A Comparative Case Study.

One of the challenges in quantitative risk-benefit assessment (RBA) of foods is the choice of approach for health effect characterization to estimate the health impact of dietary changes. The purpose of health effect characterization is to describe an association between intake of a food or food component and a health effect in terms of a dose-response relationship. We assessed the impact of the choice of approach for health effect characterization in RBA in two case studies based on substitution of (i) white rice by brown rice and (ii) unprocessed red meat by vegetables.

Theoretical substitutions between dairy products and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results from the Danish diet, cancer and health cohort.

A daily intake of dairy products is recommended in many countries in order to maintain optimal health throughout life. However, evidence regarding the association between intake of individual dairy products and mortality is limited. We therfore, explored associations between intake of different dairy products and all-cause and cause-specific mortality using specified theoretical substitution analyses.

Pyrin Inflammasome Activation Abrogates Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Suggesting a New Mechanism Underlying Familial Mediterranean Fever Pathogenesis.

Objective: Aberrant pyrin inflammasome activity triggers familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) pathogenesis, but the exact mechanism remains elusive and an obstacle to efficient treatment. We undertook this study to identify pyrin inflammasome-specific mechanisms to improve FMF treatment and diagnostics in the future.

Methods: Pyrin-specific protein secretion was assessed by proteome analysis in U937-derived macrophages, and specific findings were confirmed in pyrin inflammasome-activated monocytes from healthy blood donors and patients with FMF, stratified according to MEFV genotype categories corresponding to a suspected increase in FMF disease severity.

Altered Antibody Response to Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Healthy Subjects Predisposed to the Disease. A Twin Study.

To study Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody patterns in twin individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their healthy co-twins, and to determine the heritability of antibody responses against the EBV encoded EBNA1 protein. Isotypes of EBNA1 antibodies were measured in 137 RA affected- and 150 healthy twin pairs. We estimated the effect of RA and RA predisposition, anti-citrullinated antibodies (ACPA), IgM rheumatoid factor (RF), the shared epitope (SE) and the PTPN22-T allele (PTPN22) on the level of EBNA1 antibodies.

Replacing Red Meat with Other Nonmeat Food Sources of Protein is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Danish Cohort of Middle-Aged Adults.

Background: Few cohort studies have modelled replacements of red meat with other sources of protein on subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes using dietary changes.

Objectives: To determine whether replacing red meat with other food sources of protein is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort (n = 39,437) of middle-aged (55-72 years old) men and women who underwent 2 dietary assessments roughly 5 years apart to investigate dietary changes.

Linoleic acid in adipose tissue and the risk of myocardial infarction: a case-cohort study.

Purpose: We investigated risk of myocardial infarction (MI) associated with the content of linoleic acid (LA) in adipose tissue, a biomarker of long-term dietary intake of LA and a marker of endogenous LA exposure.

Methods: Between 1993 and 1997, 57,053 middle-aged subjects were included in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. We performed a case-cohort study that included a random sample of the full cohort (n = 3167) and all incident MI cases appearing during 16 years of follow-up (n = 2819).

Changes in intake of dairy product subgroups and risk of type 2 diabetes: modelling specified food substitutions in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort.

Purpose: We investigated the association between an increased intake of one dairy product subgroup at the expense of another within a 5-year period and the subsequent 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The cohort included 39,393 adults with two measurements of diet assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) administered in 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Dairy products were milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed, whole fat), buttermilk, low-fat yogurt, whole-fat yogurt, cheese and butter.

Replacement of potatoes with other vegetables and risk of myocardial infarction in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort.

Intake of vegetables is recommended for the prevention of myocardial infarction (MI). However, vegetables make up a heterogeneous group, and subgroups of vegetables may be differentially associated with MI. The aim of this study was to examine replacement of potatoes with other vegetables or subgroups of other vegetables and the risk of MI.

Intake of dairy products and associations with major atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Specific types of dairy products may be differentially associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies to summarize findings on the associations between total dairy product intake and intake of dairy product subgroups and the risk of major atherosclerotic CVDs in the general adult population. Our protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019125455).

Food substitution models for nutritional epidemiology.

The advantage of using specified substitution analysis in nutritional epidemiology has been clearly demonstrated in studies of macronutrient intake and disease risk. However, the method has not been widely applied in studies of food intake. The aim of this article is to describe and compare the interpretation and application of different food substitution models in epidemiologic studies on diet and disease development.

Plant foods, dietary fibre and risk of ischaemic heart disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.

Background: Epidemiological evidence indicates that diets rich in plant foods are associated with a lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), but there is sparse information on fruit and vegetable subtypes and sources of dietary fibre. This study examined the associations of major plant foods, their subtypes and dietary fibre with risk of IHD in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis of 490 311 men and women without a history of myocardial infarction or stroke at recruitment (12.

Potential anti-EBV effects associated with elevated interleukin-21 levels: a case report.

Background: Germinal center derived memory B cells and plasma cells constitute, in health and during EBV reactivation, the largest functional EBV reservoir. Hence, by reducing germinal center derived formation of memory B cells and plasma cells, EBV loads may be reduced. Animal and in-vitro models have shown that IL-21 can support memory B and plasma cell formation and thereby potentially contribute to EBV persistence.

Impact of Male-Origin Microchimerism on Cardiovascular Disease in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Increasing parity is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in women. This is probably attributable to biological responses of pregnancy. Male cells of presumed fetal origin are commonly present in women years after pregnancy-a phenomenon termed male-origin microchimerism (MOM).