Harvey Cushing: France Military Hospital Surgical Unit Head and World War I United States Army Medical Corps Commissioner.

Background: This historical account reviews the course and lasting impact of Dr. Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) in neurosurgery.

Methods: The writing of this project was sparked by the discovery of original scientific and bibliographical information about Cushing.

Mildred Codding (1902-1991): Neurosurgery Medical Illustrator at Harvard Medical School, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, and Boston's Children Hospital.

Background: This historical account reviews the life and times of Mildred Codding (1902-1991) in neurosurgery and medical illustration.

Methods: The writing of this project was sparked by the discovery of original scientific and bibliographical information about Codding, testimony on personal relationships, and viewpoints after comprehensive compilation of information.

Results: Mildred Codding learned the carbon dust technique from Max Brödel at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, Maryland USA), and worked at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, now Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts, USA).

Implications for neurosurgery of medical schools leaving the United States News and World Report.

Ranked lists are a highly praised method of assessment in America. Whether it's a list of the top national sports teams, the best restaurants in New York City, or as in this case, the strongest educational institutions, we look to rankings to scrutinize, evaluate, and compare. Unfortunately, not all rankings offer insightful and valuable information.

Neurosurgeons in Congress: the 25th amendment and United States Presidency.

In 2020, realizing that a President was not immune to a public health emergency, United States Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi recommended the passing of a Bill (Raskin J (2021) A Bill To establish the Commission on Presidential Capacity to Discharge the Powers and Duties of the Office, and for other purposes. 116th Congress, 2nd Session. https://raskin.

Madeline Earle Stanton (1898-1980): Librarian and Consultant of the Medical Historical Library at Yale University, Research Assistant in Bibliography in the Yale Department of the History of Medicine, Associate Editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, and Secretary and Protégé of Harvey Cushing.

Background: This historical account reviews the course and lasting impact of Madeline Earle Stanton (1898-1980) in neurosurgery.

Methods: The writing of this project was sparked by the discovery of original scientific and bibliographical information about Stanton. It is a thorough review of literature on Stanton and reflects the scope and depth of these prior works.

Alexa Irene Canady: First Female African American Neurosurgeon of the United States.

Background: This historical account reviews the course and lasting impact of Dr. Alexa Irene Canady in neurosurgery.

Methods: The writing of this project was sparked by the discovery of original scientific and bibliographical information about Alexa Canady, the first female African-American neurosurgeon in the nation.

Emanuel Olatunde Alaba Olanrewaju Odeku (1927-1974): First African Neurosurgeon Trained in the United States and Establisher of the National and West African Postgraduate Medical Colleges.

Background: In this comprehensive historical account, the authors delve into the remarkable trajectory of Dr. Latunde E. Odeku, a pioneering figure in neurosurgery.

Louise Eisenhardt (1891-1967): World Renowned Neuropathologist, Brain Tumor Registry Director, First Editor-In-Chief of Journal of Neurosurgery, and President of Harvey Cushing Society.

Background: This historical account reviews the course and lasting impact of Dr. Louise Eisenhardt (1891-1967) in neurosurgery.

Method: The writing of this project was sparked by the discovery of original scientific and bibliographical information about Eisenhardt, testimony on personal relationships, and viewpoints after comprehensive compilation of information.