The challenges of change processes for nurse leaders-a qualitative study of long-term leaders' experiences over 25 years.

Aim: This study aimed to map what experiences nurse leaders have encountered concerning the change work that political decisions and reforms have created within the healthcare sector in the last 25 years.

Design: A qualitative design with a narrative approach was used.

Methods: A qualitative study involved individual interviews of eight nurse managers from Norway and Finland with more than 25 years of experience working in specialist and primary healthcare fields.

Leader-member exchanges with leaders who have worked for 25 years in health institutions.

Aim: The aim is to investigate long-term leader experiences with leader- member exchanges (LMX) over 25 years. Leader-member exchanges focus on relational power and communication exchanges between leaders and employees when they communicate with each other or perform an action.

Design: This qualitative study is characterized by a phenomenological hermeneutical design and is based on the informants' interpretation and construction of meaning.

Nurse leaders' changing roles over 25 years: a qualitative study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to emphasise nurses' experiences of nurse leaders' changing roles over 25 years.

Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative study was performed with individual interviews of eight nurse managers. From Norway and Finland, all nurse managers with more than 25 years of experience and working in specialist health care and primary health care were included in the study.

A qualitative study of supervisors' experiences with nursing students in practice, a new guidance model.

Introduction: Clinical practice stimulates students to use their critical thinking skills for problem solving. Collaboration between educational institutions and practices can also be challenging.

Aim: This study aimed to determine supervisors' experiences using a case model in clinical supervision and evaluation.

The caregivers' possibilities of providing ethically good care for older people--a study on caregivers' ethical approach.

In the care of older people, unexpected and unpredictable situations often occur, which sometimes involve challenging ethical decision-making. This study starts off from an ethical perspective with caritative caring as the theoretical framework. The aim of this descriptive study is to describe what possibilities care givers regard themselves to have to provide good care based on ethical values in the daily care of older persons.

Assessment of ethical ideals and ethical manners in care of older people.

The aim of this study is to establish structured clusters and well-defined ontological entities (nodes) describing ethical values as both ideal and opportunity for ethical manner as perceived by thecaregiver.In this study, we use Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) to analyse ethical values (ethos) and ethical manners in daily work with older people. Material is based on questionnaire data collected by the instrument for the self-assessment of individual ethos in the care of older people(ISAEC) in spring 2007 in a municipality in Western Finland.

Validity and reliability testing of the Oulu patient classification: instrument within primary health care for the older people.

Aim.  The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of The Oulu Patient Classification (OPC) instrument to see whether the instrument that has been developed for hospital care is valid and useful within primary health care for older people. Background.

Oulu Patient Classification instrument within primary health care.

Unlabelled: As patients have become older their care needs have increased, and this has consequences for the working conditions within primary health care.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate, whether the OPC instrument, which has been developed for hospital care, is valid and useful within primary healthcare for older people.

Materials And Methods: Reliability and validity testing of the OPC instrument was carried out at a health care centre in Eastern Finland spring 2004.

Managing the optimal workload by the PAONCIL method--a challenge for nursing leadership in care of older people.

Aim: The aim of the study was to test the ability of the professional assessment of optimal nursing care intensity level (PAONCIL)-method to establish the optimal nursing intensity (NI) per care giver within the care of older people by testing whether the method's prerequisites for hospital settings can be fulfilled within the care of older people as well.

Background: The PAONCIL method is included in the RAFAELA system as a method for calculating personnel resources based on NI.

Method: The PAONCIL assessments were collected through questionnaires (n = 3512).