Alterations in macrophage polarization play a key role in control and development of periodontal diseases.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by complex interplays between a dysbiotic oral microbiome and a dysregulated host inflammatory response that results in the destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Among the inflammatory cells involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, macrophages are recruited early on to sites of periodontal infection. These cells can polarize in different phenotypes that mediate the initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses, as well as in tissue healing.

Effects of antimicrobial mouthwashes on the human oral microbiome: Systematic review of controlled clinical trials.

Objectives: This review aimed to assess the impact of mouthwashes on the composition of the human oral microbiome.

Method: An electronic search algorithm was adapted to MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, Embase and ISI Web of Science, and reference lists of relevant sources were manually searched. Inclusion criteria were controlled clinical trials published in English whose population were adult individuals who rinse with antimicrobial mouthwashes and that analysed changes in the oral microbiome by metataxonomy, metagenomics or phylogenetic microarray.

Efficacy of stem cells on bone consolidation of distraction osteogenesis in animal models: a systematic review.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) relies on the recruitment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to the target site, where they differentiate into osteoblasts to promote bone formation. Nevertheless, MSC recruitment appears to be slow and limits bone formation in DO defects. Thus, this systematic review aims to evaluate the ability of locally applied MSC to enhance bone formation in DO preclinical models.