Exercise derived myokine irisin as mediator of cardiorespiratory, metabolic and thermal adjustments during central and peripheral chemoreflex activation.

Exercise elicits physiological adaptations, including hyperpnea. However, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced hyperpnea remain unresolved. Skeletal muscle acts as a secretory organ, releasing irisin (IR) during exercise.

Heat stress affects breathing and metabolism of chicks incubated at high temperature.

Global warming poses serious implications to animal physiology and a gradual increase in ambient temperature affects all living organisms, particularly fast-growing selected species. We recorded ventilation (V̇), body temperature (T), oxygen consumption (V̇O) and respiratory equivalent (V̇/V̇O) of 14-day-old (14d) male and female chicks at room air conditions, hypercapnia and hypoxia at heat stress (HS, 32 °C). These chicks had previously been exposed to control (CI, 37.

Functional role for preoptic CB1 receptors in breathing and thermal control.

The anteroventral preoptic region (AVPO) of the hypothalamus is involved in both temperature and breathing regulation. This area densely express cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) that modulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. However, it is still unknown if the endocannabinoid system located in the AVPO participates in breathing control and thermoregulation.