Evidence That the Etiology of Congenital Hypopituitarism Has a Major Genetic Component but Is Infrequently Monogenic.

Purpose: Congenital hypopituitarism usually occurs sporadically. In most patients, the etiology remains unknown.

Methods: We studied 13 children with sporadic congenital hypopituitarism.

Diabetic ketoacidosis drives COVID-19 related hospitalizations in children with type 1 diabetes.

Background: Diabetes is a risk factor for poor COVID-19 outcomes, but pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes are poorly represented in current studies.

Methods: T1D Exchange coordinated a US type 1 diabetes COVID-19 registry. Forty-six diabetes centers submitted pediatric cases for patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19.

Precocious puberty.

Precocious puberty (PP) is a common reason for referral to pediatric endocrinology clinics, with a strong female predominance. PP is a broad term encompassing benign variants of normal development, gonadotropin-dependent precious puberty (GDPP), and gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty (GIPP). This article reviews the definitions, physiology, clinical presentation, evaluation and treatment of these conditions.

Diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism.

Purpose Of Review: This review summarizes pituitary function, and the clinical presentation and treatment of hypopituitarism.

Recent Findings: Updates in the field include new guidelines and meta-analyses on the diagnosis and treatment of select hormone deficiencies, novel treatment options, and advances in next generation sequencing technology.

Summary: Hypopituitarism is defined as partial or complete loss of a single or multiple pituitary hormones.

Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia and supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with subcutaneous fat necrosis.

Background: Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) is a rare, self-limiting condition that has been associated with several complications including hypercalcemia.

Case Presentation: We present the case of a 6-week-old male who presented to his pediatrician with a dime-sized erythematous nodule consistent with SCFN, who was also found to have supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Laboratory findings revealed hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia.

Pituitary Hypoplasia.

This article summarizes pituitary development and function as well as specific mutations of genes encoding the following transcription factors: HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, POU1F1, PROP1, and OTX2. Although several additional genetic defects related to hypopituitarism have been identified, this article focuses on these selected factors, as they have been well described in the literature in terms of clinical characterization of affected patients and molecular mechanisms of action, and therefore, are very relevant to clinical practice.

National study of continuity clinic satisfaction in pediatric fellowship training.

Background: A national online survey was conducted to evaluate pediatric subspecialty fellow satisfaction regarding continuity clinic experience.

Methods: An anonymous online survey (SurveyMonkey™) was developed to evaluate demographics of the program, clinic organization, and patient and preceptor characteristics, and to compare fellow satisfaction when fellows were the primary providers with faculty supervision versus attending-run clinics assisted by fellows or a combination of the two models. Pediatric subspecialty fellows in a 3-year Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited program in the United States (excluding emergency medicine, neonatology, and critical care) were invited to participate.

Foster care and type 1 diabetes in the Bronx: a case series.

Objective: The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the health status of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in foster care.

Research Design And Methods: A retrospective chart review of children with T1DM in foster care at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore (CHAM) in Bronx, NY, USA, was performed.

Results: All patients were either African American or Hispanic and raised by single mothers.

Reversed seasonal variation in maternal vitamin D levels in southern Louisiana.

Vitamin D is critical in bone and mineral homeostasis, particularly in the prevention of rickets in children. Levels of vitamin D in cord blood were measured in a population from New Orleans as an index of maternal vitamin D status at the time of delivery. Cord blood samples from infants born during the summer and winter showed lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels compared with those from infants born during fall and spring, indicating an unusual pattern of seasonality where vitamin D levels were among the lowest in the season with the greatest sunlight.