Engineering High-Performance Carbazole-Based Co-Sensitizers: Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Synergistic Enhancement in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

The current research implies the synthesis of two novel organic co-sensitizers based on carbazole, which are referred to as MA-1 and MA-2. The performances of these sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were also studied. The molecular structures were designed using donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) configurations, where 9-heptyl carbazole and 9-ethyl carbazole served as donors and malononitrile (MA-1) and cyanoacetic acid (MA-2) acted as acceptor/anchoring groups.