Prime and pull of T cell responses against cancer-exogenous antigens is effective against CPI-resistant tumors.

Neoantigen (neoAg)-based cancer vaccines expand preexisting antitumor immunity and elicit novel cancer-specific T cells. However, at odds with prophylactic vaccines, therapeutic antitumor immunity must be induced when the tumor is present and has already established an immunosuppressive environment capable of rapidly impairing the function of anticancer neoAg T cells, thereby leading to lack of efficacy. To overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression, we first vaccinated mice bearing immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI)-resistant tumors with an adenovirus vector encoding a set of potent cancer-exogenous CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes (Ad-CAP1), and then "taught" cancer cells to express the same epitopes by using a tumor-retargeted herpesvirus vector (THV-CAP1).

Correction: A next generation vaccine against human rabies based on a single dose of a chimpanzee adenovirus vector serotype C.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.

A next generation vaccine against human rabies based on a single dose of a chimpanzee adenovirus vector serotype C.

Rabies, caused by RNA viruses in the Genus Lyssavirus, is the most fatal of all infectious diseases. This neglected zoonosis remains a major public health problem in developing countries, causing the death of an estimated 25,000-159,000 people each year, with more than half of them in children. The high incidence of human rabies in spite of effective vaccines is mainly linked to the lack of compliance with the complicated administration schedule, inadequacies of the community public health system for local administration by the parenteral route and the overall costs of the vaccine.

MHC class II invariant chain-adjuvanted viral vectored vaccines enhances T cell responses in humans.

Strategies to enhance the induction of high magnitude T cell responses through vaccination are urgently needed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) plays a critical role in antigen presentation, forming MHC class II peptide complexes for the generation of CD4 T cell responses. Preclinical studies evaluating the fusion of Ii to antigens encoded in vector delivery systems have shown that this strategy may enhance T cell immune responses to the encoded antigen.