Health advocacy and primary health care: evidence for nursing.

Objectives: to analyze nursing actions involving health advocacy in the context of primary health care and the consolidation of this right to health.

Methods: this is an integrative literature review with content analysis of the results on health advocacy and its relationship with nursing in the context of primary health care.

Results: the content analysis of the seven selected studies resulted in two thematic categories: "Right to health - a complex and progressive consolidation movement in Brazil" and "Advocacy in health and nursing".

[Perceived norms among university students about their peers and drug use at a Chilean university].

Unlabelled: This study analyzes the relationship between perceived norms about drug use among peers and actual use among university students. This is a qualitative, multicenter study involving sophomore and junior students of the health courses of a Chilean university. Participants were 286 (75.

[Perceived norms among university students of three health courses for drug use among peers].

The present study interviewed second- and third-year students of three health courses to identify university students' estimates for drug use (perceived norm), the rate of drug use among the subjects (real norm); compare the estimates with the actual frequency; and identify in what conditions the drugs are used. Students overestimated their peers' use of tobacco, marijuana and cocaine in life and over the last 12 months. Alcohol was an exception.

[Perceived norms among university students about their peers and drug use in Bogota, Colombia].

Unlabelled: The objective of this study was to estimate the difference between perceived norms for drug use among university students and their peers, with ages between 18 and 24 years, and attending education and health courses. This cross-sectional study was based on a survey and an anonymous self-administered questionnaire.

Results: in total, 365 students participated.

[Consumption and perceived use of licit and illicit drugs among university students, Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia].

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to estimate differences between perceived and reported drug use among sophomore and junior university students, aged 18 to 24 years, from a public university in Medellin, Colombia.

Method: this is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. All second- and third-year students at the Schools of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing and Public Health were invited to answer an anonymous questionnaire.

[Perceived norms of peer alcohol use among university students].

Alcohol is the most prevalent legal drug among university students, and it is used recreationally. The objectives of this study were to identify the perceived norms of alcohol use among university students, contrast the students' perception regarding peer alcohol use and the actual alcohol use prevalence, and compare the subjects' own alcohol use with their perception of peer alcohol use. A survey was performed on 275 students of a public university located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), in 2008.

[University students' perception regarding drug use among peers in the ABC Region of São Paulo, Brazil].

This study aimed to analyze the relation between university students' perceived norms and actual drug use among their peers. This cross-sectional study was based on a survey. Evaluations involved all second- and third-year students (ages between 18 and 24 years) of the nursing and medicine courses at the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, located in the city of Santo André, Brazil.

[Perceived norms among nursing students about their peers and drug use in Lima, Peru].

This quantitative, cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the difference between the perceived norms among university students, based on a survey of 196 nursing students from Lima, Peru. A questionnaire was used to measure the students' perception about drug use and their actual use. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, considering a value greater, smaller or equal to 10 to establish the difference.

[Perceived norms among Peruvian students for drug use among peers].

Objective: to evaluate the difference between perceived norms about drug use among peer and actual drug use as reported by the same university students. The students were between 18 and 24 years old and attended health courses.

Method: cross-sectional study based on a survey, using an anonymous questionnaire filled out by the students.

[Perceived norms among Honduran university students about peers and tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use].

The purpose of this study was to assess the difference between perceived norms and peers' drug use among sophomore and junior university students (from the field of education) aged 18 to 24 years. The Social Norms Theory was used as the theoretical framework. In total, 286 students participated in the study, 67% of which reported having consumed alcohol at least once in a lifetime and 28% stated being daily users.

[Perceived norm for marijuana use among university student peers].

Unlabelled: This article describes the relationship between the perceived norm for marijuana use among peers and the use reported by university students in Chile. This is a qualitative, multicenter, cross-sectional study. A total 449 students participated with free consent.

[Critical perspective of relatives and acquaintances regarding protective factors and the use of illicit drugs in Guayaquil, Equador].

The objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of drug users' relatives and acquaintances about protective factors for illicit drug use at a health center in Guayaquil. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data collection was performed through interviews using a questionnaire.

[Drug consumption and treatment from a family and friends perspectives: Guatemala].

This quantitative and qualitative research describes the perspective of families and relatives of drug abusers in seven Latin American countries. In Guatemala, most of the people affected by the drug problem is multidrug abusers. Marijuana, followed by cocaine and benzodiazepines are the most used drugs.

[Illicit drug use and the critical perspectives of drug users' relatives and acquaintances in Northern Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil].

This article presents the partial results of a multicenter, cross-temporal study, which was performed using multiple methods, and involved seven Latin-American countries and Canada. The results presented refer to the city center of Rio de Janeiro (n=108). The central question of the study was: 'How do illicit drug users' relatives and acquaintances describe protective and risk factors, prevention initiatives, treatment services, laws and policies regarding illicit drugs?' The quantitative data was collected using an instrument containing closed questions.

[Laws and policies on illicit drugs in Brazil and the perspective of drug users' family members and acquaintances: a study in the City of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil].

Brazilian drugs legislation has evolved from a prohibitionist system to a less repressive one in terms of drug users. The objective of this study was to identify the perception of relatives and acquaintances of drug users living in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, about the country's laws and policies on drugs. Data collection was performed using a structured questionnaire.

[Family and acquaintances of illicit drug users: community perspectives on laws and public policies in Western Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].

This article is part of the study 'Illicit Drug Use in Seven Latin American Countries and Canada: Critical Perspectives of Family and Familiars' (7LACC), which investigated four domains: protective and risk factors; preventive initiatives; treatment facilities; and laws and policies. The article presents a section of the results based on four items of the laws and policies domain--as perceived by the family and acquaintances of illicit drug users living in the community. Participants were recruited in urban primary health care units located in Western Rio de Janeiro (city), Brazil.

[Risk factors related to the use of illegal drugs: the critical perspective of drug users' relatives and acquaintances at a public health center in San Pedro Sula, Honduras].

This article presents quantitative data from a multicenter, cross-sectional study, which was performed at a public health center in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, using multiple methods. The objective of the study was to describe the critical perspective of people who reported being affected by their relationship with an illicit drug user (relative or acquaintance) in terms of risk factors. Data collection was performed using 100 questionnaires.

[Drug use and treatment from the perspective of the users' family and friends in Bogota, Colombia].

This article presents an analysis of the partial results from a quantitative study that addresses the perspective of drug users' family and friends regarding the treatment of problems resulting from the use of illicit drugs. Participants were 104 health service users in Bogotá. Of the participants, 58% consider that drug use is a disease that needs treatment; 56% stated the general hospital as the main alternative for treatment; 95% reported that the state accounted for this situation.

[Illegal aspects of illicit drugs use in Mexico].

The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to obtain the opinions of a group of people about legal issues regarding addiction. Data collection was performed using a structured questionnaire with four themes. In order to participate, the individual could not use any drugs but should have a close relationship with a drug user.

[Use of illicit drugs and critical perspectives of drug users' relatives and acquaintances in Northern Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil].

This article presents the partial results of a multicenter, qualitative study, which involved seven Latin-American countries and Canada. The results presented refer to Northern Rio de Janeiro (city), Brazil. The objective of the study was to describe the perspective of relatives/acquaintances of illicit drug users about protective and risk factors, prevention initiatives, treatment services, and legal aspects regarding illicit drugs.

[Critical perspective of the family and acquaintances on family and community risk factors in illicit drug use in São Jose, Costa Rica].

This article presents the results of a quantitative study. The purpose was to describe the perspective of family members and acquaintances of illicit drug users about family and community risk factors that can contribute to addiction to illicit drugs. A questionnaire was used for data collection.

International nursing leadership related to the drugs phenomenon: a case study of the partnership experience between the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) and the University of Alberta--Faculty of Nursing.

In this article, the authors discuss the value of international health in advancing the nursing profession through the development of strong leadership in the area of drug demand reduction. Paradigms for nursing leadership are briefly reviewed and linked to the development of the "International Nursing Leadership Institutes" organized by the Inter-American Commission for the Control of Drug Abuse (CICAD). The "International Nursing Leadership Institutes" have facilitated the implementation of Phase III of the CICAD Schools of Nursing Project: a) planning and implementing the first "International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in Latin America", b) development of Regional and National Strategic Plans for Nursing Professionals in the Area of Demand Reduction in Latin America, and c) preparation of a document that provides guidelines on how to include drug content into undergraduate and graduate nursing curricula.

International Research Capacity-Building Programs for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in Latin America: challenges and perspectives.

The First International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in the Americas is a result of a partnership between the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Faculty of Nursing in the University of Alberta, with financial support from the Government of Canada. The program was divided into two parts. The first part of the program was held at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

[Partnership between a university and an international organization with a view to drugs research training for Latin American nursing teachers].

This article reports on the experience of the specialization course called: research training program for nurses to study the drugs phenomenon in Latin America, which was offered by two institutions, one of which is local (University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing) while the other is an international organization (Interamerican Drug Abuse Control Commission - CICAD of the Organization of American States - OAS). This program was offered consecutively in 2002 and 2003. The report discloses data on the negotiation and didactical planning process for the first course, the distribution of contents and activities, experiences acquired during the teaching process and student evaluations.