Potential of LARC to recover loss in satisfied demand for modern contraception after the COVID-19 pandemic: a case scenario analysis of Brazil and Mexico.

Objectives: To estimate inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods among women in Latin America and the Caribbean, with an emphasis on Brazil and Mexico, and to calculate the scenario for recovery of modern contraceptive coverage by expanding access to long-acting contraceptives (LARC) after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: National health surveys from 2006 to 2018 were used to estimate the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods and how it was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The scenario included three variables: coverage, health outcomes, and costs.

Bleeding patterns of HIV-infected women using an etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant and efavirenz-based or lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives: The use of progestogen-only contraceptives may cause a change in bleeding pattern, which is a common cause of discontinuation of these methods. Co-administration with some antiretroviral therapies (ART) changes the bioavailability of the etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing contraceptive implant, possibly affecting the bleeding pattern. Bleeding patterns were evaluated in HIV-positive users of the ENG implant co-administered with two common ART regimens.

Comparison of two cohorts of women who expulsed either a copper-intrauterine device or a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.

Aim: To assess if there is a difference in the characteristics of the women who expelled a copper-intrauterine device (TCu-IUD) or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the frequency of expulsions over different periods of observation.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 19 697 medical charts of women consulting between January 1980 and December 2013 who requested a TCu-IUD or a LNG-IUS.

Results: The medical records of 17 644 Cu-IUD and 2053 LNG-IUS users returning to the clinic for a follow-up visit after insertion of an IUC were reviewed.

Body composition and weight gain in new users of the three-monthly injectable contraceptive, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, after 12 months of follow-up.

Objectives: To evaluate weight gain and body composition (BC) in new users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive.

Methods: This cohort study followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (± 1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1 kg/m(2)), during 12-months. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18 to 40 years, unaffected by conditions that could influence their body weight, were enrolled.

[Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women candidates for in vitro fertilization at a public institution of the State of São Paulo, Brazil].

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among women candidates to in vitro fertilization (IVF) in a reference public service in southeastern Brazil.

Methods: Women who were referred for IVF from April 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2009 were enrolled sequentially in the study. A gynecological-obstetrical background questionnaire was applied and endocervical swab samples were obtained to search for CT and NG using hybrid capture and PCR.

[Associated factors with discontinuation use of combined oral contraceptives].

Purpose: Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later.

Emerging female contraceptives.

Introduction: Fifty years after the first contraceptive, the market remains restricted regarding composition, cost and routes of administration, and satisfying the needs of millions of women with different requirements according to their stage in life.

Areas Covered: Women need contraception for almost 30 years of their life. Currently available contraceptives are highly effective with few side effects.

[Weight variation in users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, of the copper IUD and of medroxyprogesterone acetate in Brazil].

Background: Assess weight variations in Brazilian users of the 20 microg/day levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena) for comparison with a cohort of users of the TCu 380A intrauterine device (IUD) and a cohort of users of the injectable contraceptive, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) over a period of five years.

Methods: A total of 163 users of the LNG-IUS, who had the device inserted in 1998, were admitted to the study. At the time of enrollment, each woman was matched by weight (+/- 1 kg) and age (+/- 1 year) to a woman using a TCu 380A IUD and to another woman using DMPA.