Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (Family ).

Three genera of viruses of the family establish endosymbiotic associations with flagellated protozoa responsible for parasitic diseases of great impact in the context of One Health. , , and infect the protozoa sp., , and sp.

Occurrence of in Wild Mammals Admitted to Recovery Centers in Spain.

Zoonotic leishmaniasis caused by is distributed worldwide and affects humans and domestic and wild mammals. In Europe, specifically in the Mediterranean basin, leishmaniasis is endemic due to the concurrence of the phlebotomine vectors and reservoir mammals, including carnivorous wildlife species and other less studied wild species. In this article, spleen, skin, and eye or oral swabs taken from 134 wild mammals admitted to five wildlife recovery centers in Spain were used.

Anti-Trypanosomatidae Activity of Essential Oils and Their Main Components from Selected Medicinal Plants.

Kinetoplastida is a group of flagellated protozoa characterized by the presence of a kinetoplast, a structure which is part of a large mitochondria and contains DNA. Parasites of this group include genera such as that cause disease in humans and animals, and that are capable of infecting plants. Due to the lack of treatments, the low efficacy, or the high toxicity of the employed therapeutic agents there is a need to seek potential alternative treatments.

Avian Oropharyngeal Trichomonosis: Treatment, Failures and Alternatives, a Systematic Review.

Oropharyngeal avian trichomonosis is a potentially lethal parasitic disease that affects several avian orders. This review is focused on the disease treatments since prophylactic treatment is prohibited in most countries and resistant strains are circulating. A systematic review following the PRISMA procedure was conducted and included 60 articles.

Adaptation of the classical end-point ITS-PCR for the diagnosis of avian trichomonosis to a real-time PCR reveals Bonelli's eagle as a new host for Trichomonas gypaetinii.

Avian trichomonosis is a parasitic disease caused mainly by Trichomonas gallinae and other Trichomonas species. It can be asymptomatic, or it can produce a necrotic lesion in the upper digestive tract and spread to other organs, causing the death of the infected birds. In this study, we aimed to evaluate an adapted real-time PCR method for the diagnosis of different genotypes and species of avian oropharyngeal trichomonads.

Captive Breeding and Trichomonas gallinae Alter the Oral Microbiome of Bonelli's Eagle Chicks.

Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata) is an endangered raptor species in Europe, and trichomonosis is one of the menaces affecting chicks at nest. In this paper, we attempt to describe the oral microbiome of Bonelli's eagle nestlings and evaluate the influence of several factors, such as captivity breeding, Trichomonas gallinae infection, and the presence of lesions at the oropharynx. The core oral microbiome of Bonelli's eagle is composed of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria as the most abundant phyla, and Megamonas and Bacteroides as the most abundant genera.

Editorial for the Special Issue "Parasitic Diseases from Wild Animals with Emphasis on Zoonotic Infections".

The present Editorial intends to briefly describe the findings published in the Special Issue, "Parasitic diseases from wild animals with an emphasis on zoonotic infections". Prevalence data or diagnostic techniques were the focus of several zoonotic parasites transmitted from wildlife, including the protozoa , , , and , and the helminths and

Invasive Species as Hosts of Zoonotic Infections: The Case of American Mink () and .

produces an endemic disease in the Mediterranean Basin that affects humans and domestic and wild mammals, which can act as reservoir or minor host. In this study, we analyzed the presence of the parasite in wild American minks, an invasive species in Spain. We screened for DNA by PCR using five primer pairs: Two targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), and the rest targeting the ITS1 region, the small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU) and a repetitive sequence (Repeat region).

A Systematic Review (1990-2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic .

Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by several species of that affect humans and many domestic and wild animals with a worldwide distribution. The objectives of this review are to identify wild animals naturally infected with zoonotic species as well as the organs infected, methods employed for detection and percentage of infection. A literature search starting from 1990 was performed following the PRISMA methodology and 161 reports were included.

First detection of Leishmania infantum in common urban bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus in Europe.

Leishmania infantum is a protozoan causing leishmaniasis in humans and in dogs, among other animals, which is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean basin. In recent years, the role of wildlife as a possible reservoir of the disease was analyzed and several species of carnivores were reported to have the highest infection rates, with foxes and wolves being the more widely studied species; the role of rabbits and hares as reservoirs of leishmaniasis has also been described. In addition, several studies highlighted the role of bats as suitable hosts for Leishmania species (L.

Membrane associated proteins of two Trichomonas gallinae clones vary with the virulence.

Oropharyngeal avian trichomonosis is mainly caused by Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite that affects the upper digestive tract of birds. Lesions of the disease are characterized by severe inflammation which may result in fatality by starvation. Two genotypes of T.

Oropharyngeal Trichomonosis Due to Trichomonas gypaetinii in a Cinereous Vulture ( Aegypius monachus) Fledgling in Spain.

A juvenile Cinereous Vulture ( Aegypius monachus) fledgling was found disorientated on the roof of a building in Madrid City, Spain, in October 2016. A veterinary examination revealed multiple plaques distributed throughout the oropharyngeal cavity. Lesions were located under the tongue and at the choanal slit, hard palate, and esophagus opening and ranged from 2 to 7 mm, coalescing in areas up to 2 cm, with a yellowish color of the surface.

RAPD analysis and sequencing of ITS1/5.8S rRNA/ITS2 and Fe-hydrogenase as tools for genetic classification of potentially pathogenic isolates of Trichomonas gallinae.

Trichomonas gallinae is a worldwide parasite that causes oropharyngeal avian trichomonosis. During eight years, 60 axenic isolates were obtained from different bird species and characterized by three molecular methods: RAPD analysis and PCR-sequencing of ITS1/5.8S rRNA/ITS2 fragment and Fe-hydrogenase gene.

Trichomonas gypaetinii n. sp., a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey.

In the context of an epidemiological study carried out by several wildlife recovery centers in Spain, trichomonads resembling Trichomonas gallinae were found in the oropharyngeal cavity of 2 Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) and 14 cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) which did not show any symptoms of trichomonosis. In order to characterize them, these isolates along with seven other T. gallinae isolates obtained from different hosts and from different geographical origin were analyzed.

Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in lambs from Spain reveals a high heterogeneity.

Fecal specimens from 120 lambs in Valencia (Spain) were analyzed for Giardia duodenalis by IFA and nested-PCR using the beta giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssurRNA) genes. The highest prevalence was obtained using the ssurRNA gene (89.2%), whereas values from other techniques ranged from 64.

Development of a specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Basidiobolus.

The etiology of chronic diarrhea is complex in humans and animals. It is always necessary to evaluate a list of differential diagnosis, including bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Basidiobolomycosis is a fungal disease reported sporadically worldwide, mainly caused by B.

Development of a new PCR protocol to detect and subtype Blastocystis spp. from humans and animals.

Blastocystis spp. is commonly found in the feces of humans worldwide. Infection has been reported as asymptomatic, acute symptomatic, and chronic symptomatic.

MIND-BEST: Web server for drugs and target discovery; design, synthesis, and assay of MAO-B inhibitors and theoretical-experimental study of G3PDH protein from Trichomonas gallinae.

Many drugs with very different affinity to a large number of receptors are described. Thus, in this work, we selected drug-target pairs (DTPs/nDTPs) of drugs with high affinity/nonaffinity for different targets. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models become a very useful tool in this context because they substantially reduce time and resource-consuming experiments.

Occurrence and genotypes of Giardia isolated from lambs in Spain.

Three hundred and eighty six faecal specimens were randomly collected from 1- to 3-month-old lambs from 16 farms in Spain to investigate the presence of different genotypes of Giardia duodenalis. Individual specimens were examined by IFA (Immunofluorescence assay) and beta-giardin PCR polymerase chain reaction. Cysts of G.

Prevalence and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in paired samples of feces and serum from naturally infected pigs.

This study describes the distribution of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in a naturally infected swine population and the genetic relatedness of HEV strains on swine farms in Spain. Of fecal and serum samples collected from 131 pigs and manure-ditch samples collected from 17 farms, HEV was detected in 16%, 14%, and 59%, respectively, for an overall prevalence rate of 23%. The maximum prevalence rates for feces and serum were in pigs 5 to 12 wk old.

Recombinant bovine interleukin-12 stimulates a gut immune response but does not provide resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal calves.

This study was undertaken to determine if administration of recombinant bovine interleukin-12 (rBoIL-12) could stimulate a cellular immune response that protected calves from an oral challenge inoculation with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. In a first experiment, rBoIL-12 intraperitoneally administered as a single dose 1 day before challenge inoculation, did not alter the course of infection. The percentage of immune competent cells and levels of cytokine gene expression in the ileo-cecal mucosa and in the draining lymph nodes of treated calves were similar to those of untreated control calves.