Multiresponsive Nanogels for the Selective Delivery of Antimicrobial Drugs to Mucosal Tissues.

Effective drug delivery to bacterially infected mucosa remains a challenge due to the combined obstacles of the mucosal barrier, pH variations, and high concentrations of glutathione. However, polysaccharide-based responsive nanogels (NGs) can take advantage of these conditions to deliver specific antimicrobials. We explored the critical features of pH- and redox-responsive NGs to increase drug penetration, residence time, and efficacy in the infected mucosa.

Polyglycerol-Functionalized β-Cyclodextrins as Crosslinkers in Thermoresponsive Nanogels for the Enhanced Dermal Penetration of Hydrophobic Drugs.

Thermoresponsive nanogels (tNGs) are promising candidates for dermal drug delivery. However, poor incorporation of hydrophobic drugs into hydrophilic tNGs limits the therapeutic efficiency. To address this challenge, β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) are functionalized by hyperbranched polyglycerol serving as crosslinkers (hPG-βCD) to fabricate βCD-tNGs.

Teat-apex colonizer Bacillus from healthy cows antagonizes mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent causal agent of bovine mastitis, which is largely responsible for milk production losses worldwide. The pathogen's ability to form stable biofilms facilitates intramammary colonization and may explain disease persistence. This virulence factor is also highly influential in the development of chronic intramammary infections refractory to antimicrobial therapy, which is why novel therapies that can tackle multiple targets are necessary.

Chitosan can improve antimicrobial treatment independently of bacterial lifestyle, biofilm biomass intensity and antibiotic resistance pattern in non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) isolated from bovine clinical mastitis.

Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly disease that affects dairy cattle. Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are currently one of the main pathogens associated with difficult-to-treat intramammary infections. Biofilm is an important virulence factor that can protect bacteria against antimicrobial treatment and prevent their recognition by the host's immune system.

Interaction between bovine mammary epithelial cells and planktonic or biofilm Staphylococcus aureus: The bacterial lifestyle determines its internalization ability and the pathogen recognition.

The main cause of mastitis, one of the most costly diseases in the dairy industry, is bacterial intramammary infection. Many of these bacteria are biofilm formers. Biofilms have been associated with resistance to antibiotics and to the host immune system.

Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the antibacterial activity of the native polymer against bovine mastitis pathogens.

Staphylococcus is the most commonly isolated genus from animals with intramammary infections, and mastitis is the most prevalent disease that affects dairy cows in many countries. These pathogens can live in biofilms, a self-produced matrix, which allow them evade the innate immune system and the antibiotic therapy, thereby producing persistent infections. The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial potential of chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) obtained by the reverse micellar method.

Commensal coagulase-negative Staphylococcus from the udder of healthy cows inhibits biofilm formation of mastitis-related pathogens.

Bovine mastitis, considered the most important cause of economic losses in the dairy industry, is a major concern in veterinary medicine. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the main pathogens associated with intramammary infections, and bacterial biofilms are suspected to be responsible for the persistence of this disease. CNS from the udder are not necessarily associated with intramammary infections.