From Division to Death: Metabolomic Analysis of BY-2 Cells Reveals the Complexity of Life in Batch Culture.

Tobacco BY-2 cell culture is one of the most widely used models in plant biology. The main advantage of BY-2 suspension cultures is the synchronization of cell development and the appearance of polar elongation. In batch culture, BY-2 cells passed through the lag, proliferation, elongation, and stationary phases.

Plant Heterotrophic Cultures: No Food, No Growth.

Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are and .

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Ecosystems of the North Caucasus, a Temperate Biodiversity Hotspot.

Background: Investigations that are focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) biodiversity is still limited. The analysis of the AMF taxa in the North Caucasus, a temperate biodiversity hotspot, used to be limited to the genus level. This study aimed to define the AMF biodiversity at the species level in the North Caucasus biotopes.

Large area structural color printing based on dot-matrix laser interference patterning.

Optically Variable Devices (OVDs) are widely used as security features in anti-counterfeiting efforts. OVDs enable the display of color dynamic effects that are easily interpreted by the user. However, obtaining these elements over large areas poses certain challenges in terms of efficiency.

Plant Life with and without Oxygen: A Metabolomics Approach.

Oxygen deficiency is an environmental challenge which affects plant growth, the development and distribution in land and aquatic ecosystems, as well as crop yield losses worldwide. The capacity to exist in the conditions of deficiency or the complete lack of oxygen depends on a number of anatomic, developmental and molecular adaptations. The lack of molecular oxygen leads to an inhibition of aerobic respiration, which causes energy starvation and the acceleration of glycolysis passing into fermentations.

The Effects of Inoculation on Transcriptome of Leaves at Early Vegetative and Flowering Stages of Plant Development.

The study is aimed at revealing the effects of inoculation on the transcriptome of leaves at the early (second leaf formation) and later (flowering) stages of plant development. A pot experiment was conducted under conditions of low phosphorus (P) level in the substrate. plants were characterized by high mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhization parameters.

Effects of Trophic Acclimation on Growth and Expression Profiles of Genes Encoding Enzymes of Primary Metabolism and Plastid Transporters of .

In this paper, the effect of prolonged trophic acclimation on the subsequent growth of batch cultures was studied. The mixotrophic (light + acetate) acclimation stimulated subsequent growth at both mixotrophy and autotrophy conditions and altered the expression profile of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism and plastid transporters. Besides the trophic effect, the influence of Chlamydomonas culture growth stage on gene expression was determined.

The Role of Interaction with in the Determination of Root Metabolome at Early Stages of AM Symbiosis.

The nature of plant-fungi interaction at early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development is still a puzzling problem. To investigate the processes behind this interaction, we used the MlS-1 line that forms high-efficient AM symbiosis with . AM fungus actively colonizes the root system of the host plant and contributes to the formation of effective AM as characterized by a high mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) in the host plant.

The Role of Aquaporins in Plant Growth under Conditions of Oxygen Deficiency.

Plants frequently experience hypoxia due to flooding caused by intensive rainfall or irrigation, when they are partially or completely submerged under a layer of water. In the latter case, some resistant plants implement a hypoxia avoidance strategy by accelerating shoot elongation, which allows lifting their leaves above the water surface. This strategy is achieved due to increased water uptake by shoot cells through water channels (aquaporins, AQPs).

Evolution of 14-3-3 Proteins in Angiosperm Plants: Recurring Gene Duplication and Loss.

14-3-3 proteins are key regulatory factors in plants and are involved in a broad range of physiological processes. We addressed the evolutionary history of 14-3-3s from 46 angiosperm species, including basal angiosperm and major lineage of monocotyledons and eudicotyledons. Orthologs of isoforms were detected.

Mycorrhiza-Induced Alterations in Metabolome of Leaves during Symbiosis Development.

The present study is aimed at disclosing metabolic profile alterations in the leaves of the MlS-1 line that result from high-efficiency arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis formed with under condition of a low phosphorus level in the substrate. A highly effective AM symbiosis was established in the period from the stooling to the shoot branching initiation stage (the efficiency in stem height exceeded 200%). Mycorrhization led to a more intensive accumulation of phosphates (glycerophosphoglycerol and inorganic phosphate) in leaves.

Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in ABA-Induced Increase in Hydraulic Conductivity and Aquaporin Abundance.

The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ABA-induced increase in hydraulic conductivity was hypothesized to be dependent on an increase in aquaporin water channel (AQP) abundance. Single ABA application or its combination with ROS manipulators (ROS scavenger ascorbic acid and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)) were studied on detached roots of barley plants. We measured the osmotically driven flow rate of xylem sap and calculated root hydraulic conductivity.

Metabolic Alterations in Roots during Plant Growth and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development.

Intensive exchange of nutrients is a crucial part of the complex interaction between a host plant and fungi within arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. For the first time, the present study demonstrates how inoculation with AMF affects the pea ( L.) root metabolism at key stages of plant development.

Potassium Efflux and Cytosol Acidification as Primary Anoxia-Induced Events in Wheat and Rice Seedlings.

Both ion fluxes and changes of cytosolic pH take an active part in the signal transduction of different environmental stimuli. Here we studied the anoxia-induced alteration of cytosolic K concentration, [K], and cytosolic pH, pH, in rice and wheat, plants with different tolerances to hypoxia. The [K] and pH were measured by fluorescence microscopy in single leaf mesophyll protoplasts loaded with the fluorescent potassium-binding dye PBFI-AM and the pH-sensitive probe BCECF-AM, respectively.

AM-Induced Alteration in the Expression of Genes, Encoding Phosphorus Transporters and Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in .

Plant-microbe interactions, including those of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), have been investigated for a wide spectrum of model plants. The present study focuses on an analysis of gene expression that encodes phosphate and sugar transporters and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in a new model plant, the highly mycotrophic MLS-1 line under conditions of phosphorus deficiency and inoculation with . Expression profiles were detected by RT-PCR at six plant stages of development (second leaf, third leaf, shooting, axillary shoot branching initiation, axillary shoot branching, flowering initiation).

Phase Imbalance Optimization in Interference Linear Displacement Sensor with Surface Gratings.

In interferential linear displacement sensors, accurate information about the position of the reading head is calculated out of a pair of quadrature (sine and cosine) signals. In double grating interference schemes, diffraction gratings combine the function of beam splitters and phase retardation devices. Specifically, the reference diffraction grating is located in the reading head and regulates the phase shifts in diffraction orders.

Indoleacetic Acid Levels in Wheat and Rice Seedlings under Oxygen Deficiency and Subsequent Reoxygenation.

The lack of oxygen and post-anoxic reactions cause significant alterations of plant growth and metabolism. Plant hormones are active participants in these alterations. This study focuses on auxin-a phytohormone with a wide spectrum of effects on plant growth and stress tolerance.

Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea ( L.

Phosphatidic acids mediate transport of Ca and H through plant cell membranes.

Phosphatidic acids (PAs) are a key intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis, and a central element in numerous signalling pathways. Functions of PAs are related to their fundamental role in molecular interactions within cell membranes modifying membrane bending, budding, fission and fusion. Here we tested the hypothesis that PAs are capable of direct transport of ions across bio-membranes.

Metabolic Alterations in Male-Sterile Potato as Compared to Male-Fertile.

The common potato, L., is the fourth most important agricultural crop worldwide. Until recently, vegetative propagation by tubers has been the main method of potato cultivation.

The levels of peroxisomal catalase protein and activity modulate the onset of cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells via reactive oxygen species levels and autophagy.

In plant cells, peroxisomes participate in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the major regulators of cellular ROS levels - catalase (CAT) - occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. CAT activity is required for immunity-triggered autophagic programmed cell death (PCD).

Ca(2+)-Transport through Plasma Membrane as a Test of Auxin Sensitivity.

Auxin is one of the crucial regulators of plant growth and development. The discovered auxin cytosolic receptor (TIR1) is not involved in the perception of the hormone signal at the plasma membrane. Instead, another receptor, related to the ABP1, auxin binding protein1, is supposed to be responsible for the perception at the plasma membrane.

Patterns and timing in expression of early auxin-induced genes imply involvement of phospholipases A (pPLAs) in the regulation of auxin responses.

While it is known that patatin-related phospholipase A (pPLA) activity is rapidly activated within 3 min by auxin, hardly anything is known about how this signal influences downstream responses like transcription of early auxin-induced genes or other physiological responses. We screened mutants with T-DNA insertions in members of the pPLA gene family for molecular and physiological phenotypes related to auxin. Only one in nine Arabidopsis thaliana ppla knockdown mutants displayed an obvious constitutive auxin-related phenotype.

Anoxia-induced elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration depends on different Ca2+ sources in rice and wheat protoplasts.

The anoxia-dependent elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, [Ca(2+)](cyt), was investigated in plants differing in tolerance to hypoxia. The [Ca(2+)](cyt) was measured by fluorescence microscopy in single protoplasts loaded with the calcium-fluoroprobe Fura 2-AM. Imposition of anoxia led to a fast (within 3 min) significant elevation of [Ca(2+)](cyt) in rice leaf protoplasts.

A new perspective on auxin perception.

An important question in modern plant biology concerns the mechanisms of auxin perception. Despite the recently discovered soluble receptor, the F-box protein TIR1, there is no doubt that another type of signal perception exists, and is linked to the plasma membrane. Two models for the receptor have been suggested: either the receptor includes a protein kinase, or it is coupled with a G-protein.