Paraoxonases and psoriasis: negative imbalance of antioxidant endogenous mechanisms.

Background: Numerous reports have shown that psoriasis patients are more exposed to lipoprotein peroxidation and to a decrease in the activity of paraoxonase (PON)1, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory enzyme. Thus, it has been suggested that malfunction of the antioxidant system and an increased production of reactive oxygen species drive immune inflammatory events, that result in progressive skin cell damage in patients with psoriasis. The PON protein family, including PON1, PON2 and PON3, is one of the most important endogenous defense mechanisms against oxidative stress.

Chronic hand eczema: is IL-36α helpful in diagnosis and classification?

Background: Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is not a homogenous disease, necessitating complex differential diagnostics. Interleukin (IL) -1 family members are significantly up-regulated in ACD and psoriasis patients skin.

Methods: The present study aims to deepen the knowledge about clinical assessment and characterization of patients affected by chronic hand dermatitis (CHD) as well as to investigate the role of possible biomarkers which may help in the diagnostic process.

IL-33 is regulated by TNF-α in normal and psoriatic skin.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is the most recently discovered IL-1 family member. Considered an endogenous "alarmin" released by necrotic cells in response to tissue injury or damage, IL-33 is constitutively expressed in tissues exposed to the environment, where endothelial and epithelial cells constitute its major sources. Several findings reported that pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, as well as IL-17, can induce IL-33 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.

The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial in human allergic contact dermatitis pathogenesis: the role of IL-1 family members.

The interleukin (IL)-1 family includes 11 members that are important in inflammatory processes. It includes various agonists and two antagonists, IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra. Our aim was to investigate whether the IL-1 family is involved in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).

Interleukin-1 family members are enhanced in psoriasis and suppressed by vitamin D and retinoic acid.

Interleukin (IL)-1 family comprise 11 members that play an important role in immune regulation and inflammatory process. Retinoids exert complex effects on the immune system, having anti-inflammatory effects in chronic dermatological diseases. Vitamin D (vitD) and analogs have been shown to suppress TNF-α-induced IL-1α in human keratinocytes (KCs).

IL-33 is secreted by psoriatic keratinocytes and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines via keratinocyte and mast cell activation.

IL-33 is a novel pro-inflammatory cytokine and ligand for the orphan receptor ST2. Although originally defined as an inducer of Th2-mediated responses, IL-33 was recently found to be involved in arthritis, a Th1/Th17-mediated disease. Here, we assessed the ability of IL-33 to promote inflammation via mast cells (MCs) and keratinocytes (KCs) activation in psoriasis.