Nanotribological Properties of Oxidized Diamond/Silica Interfaces: Insights into the Atomistic Mechanisms of Wear and Friction by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Controlling friction and wear at silica-diamond interfaces is crucial for their relevant applications in tribology such as micro-electromechanical systems and atomic force microscopes. However, the tribological performance on diamond surfaces is highly affected by the working environment where atmospheric gases are present. In this work, we investigate the effects of adsorbed oxygen on the friction and wear of diamond surfaces sliding against silica by massive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.

Accurate Multiscale Simulation of Frictional Interfaces by Quantum Mechanics/Green's Function Molecular Dynamics.

Understanding frictional phenomena is a fascinating fundamental problem with huge potential impact on energy saving. Such an understanding requires monitoring what happens at the sliding buried interface, which is almost inaccessible by experiments. Simulations represent powerful tools in this context, yet a methodological step forward is needed to fully capture the multiscale nature of the frictional phenomena.

Se Nanopowder Conversion into Lubricious 2D Selenide Layers by Tribochemical Reactions.

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) coatings have attracted enormous scientific and industrial interest due to their outstanding tribological behavior. The paradigmatic example is MoS , even though selenides and tellurides have demonstrated superior tribological properties. Here, an innovative in operando conversion of Se nanopowders into lubricious 2D selenides, by sprinkling them onto sliding metallic surfaces coated with Mo and W thin films, is described.

Interaction of Water and Oxygen Molecules with Phosphorene: An Ab Initio Study.

Phosphorene, the 2D form of black phosphorus, has recently attracted interest for optoelectronic and tribological applications. However, its promising properties are affected by the strong tendency of the layers to oxidize in ambient conditions. A significant effort has been made to identify the role of oxygen and water in the oxidation process.

Effect of vacancies and edges in promoting water chemisorption on titanium-based MXenes.

The functionality of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) in technological applications greatly depends on their wettability. For instance, MXenes' layer stability against degradative oxidation is notably reduced when stored in aqueous solutions, leading to the transformation into oxides. In this work, we study water adsorption on Ti-based MXenes by ab initio calculations.

Perspectives of 2D MXene Tribology.

The large and rapidly growing family of 2D early transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) raises significant interest in the materials science and chemistry of materials communities. Discovered a little more than a decade ago, MXenes have already demonstrated outstanding potential in various applications ranging from energy storage to biology and medicine. The past two years have witnessed increased experimental and theoretical efforts toward studying MXenes' mechanical and tribological properties when used as lubricant additives, reinforcement phases in composites, or solid lubricant coatings.

Nanoscale MXene Interlayer and Substrate Adhesion for Lubrication: A Density Functional Theory Study.

Understanding the interlayer interaction at the nanoscale in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) is important to improve their exfoliation/delamination process and application in (nano)-tribology. The layer-substrate interaction is also essential in (nano)-tribology as effective solid lubricants should be resistant against peeling-off during rubbing. Previous computational studies considered MXenes' interlayer coupling with oversimplified, homogeneous terminations while neglecting the interaction with underlying substrates.

2D KBr/Graphene Heterostructures-Influence on Work Function and Friction.

The intercalation of graphene is an effective approach to modify the electronic properties of two-dimensional heterostructures for attractive phenomena and applications. In this work, we characterize the growth and surface properties of ionic KBr layers altered by graphene using ultra-high vacuum atomic force microscopy at room temperature. We observed a strong rippling of the KBr islands on Ir(111), which is induced by a specific layer reconstruction but disappears when graphene is introduced in between.

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene.

A novel reconstruction of a two-dimensional layer of KBr on an Ir(111) surface is observed by high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy and verified by density functional theory (DFT). The observed KBr structure is oriented along the main directions of the Ir(111) surface, but forms a characteristic double-line pattern. Comprehensive calculations by DFT, taking into account the observed periodicities, resulted in a new low-energy reconstruction.

Experimental and Ab Initio Characterization of Mononuclear Molybdenum Dithiocarbamates in Lubricant Mixtures.

Molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTCs) are a class of lubricant additives widely employed in automotives. Most of the studies concerning MoDTC take into account the dimeric structures because of their industrial relevance, with the mononuclear compounds usually neglected, because isolating and characterizing subgroups of MoDTC molecules are generally difficult. However, the byproducts of the synthesis of MoDTC can impact the friction reduction performance at metallic interfaces, and the effect of mononuclear MoDTC (mMoDTC) compounds in the lubrication has not been considered yet in the literature.

Coffee intake during pregnancy and neonatal low birth weight: data from a multicenter Italian cross sectional study.

Coffee intake is common during pregnancy. However, the influence of coffee and caffeine on pregnancy has not yet been fully determined. Some studies show that high coffee intake could cause miscarriage, preterm birth or reduction of fetal growth, but other studies do not support these findings.

Failure of Achieving Tacrolimus Target Blood Concentration Might Be Avoided by a Wide Genotyping of Transplanted Patients: Evidence from a Retrospective Study.

Precise tacrolimus treatment in transplanted patients is achieved in the clinical setting by performing therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and consequently adjusting therapy. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the variability in tacrolimus blood levels throughout 2 years of observation in 75 transplanted patients and to investigate if tacrolimus blood levels correlate with presence of genetic polymorphisms, thus modifying tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. CYP3A5*1 (G6986A), CYP3A4*1B (A392G), CYP3A4*22, ABCB1 (C3435T; C1236T; G2677A/T), SLCO1B1 (T521C), polymorphisms were analyzed.

Oncotherapy: A Decision Support System to Validate Oncological Treatments.

Making therapy decisions in oncology is a challenging task in the medical precision era. Oncotherapy is a decision support system that provides oncologists with suitable therapies for the patient within the national guidelines. The system is capable, on the one hand, to help the oncologist to maximize fitting therapy to the patient and, on the other hand, to provide control tools for the country's sanitary authorities.

Altering the Properties of Graphene on Cu(111) by Intercalation of Potassium Bromide.

The catalytic growth on transition metal surfaces provides a clean and controllable route to obtain defect-free, monocrystalline graphene. However, graphene's optical and electronic properties are diminished by the interaction with the metal substrate. One way to overcome this obstacle is the intercalation of atoms and molecules decoupling the graphene and restoring its electronic structure.

Effects of Water Intercalation and Tribochemistry on MoS Lubricity: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Investigation.

To date, no clear conclusion has been reached on the atomistic mechanisms that govern the observed decrease of lubricating capabilities of MoS in humid environments. Based on ab initio molecular dynamic calculations, we show that intercalated water molecules hinder the sliding motion of both regular and defective layers considerably, with the velocities decaying exponentially with time. However, in the presence of an applied load and exposed edge terminations, water is rapidly removed from the interface and is adsorbed on the edges either in undissociated form or as OH/H fragments.

Size-dependent commensurability and its possible role in determining the frictional behavior of adsorbed systems.

Recent nanofriction experiments of xenon on graphene revealed that the slip onset can be induced by increasing the adsorbate coverage above a critical value, which depends on temperature. Moreover, the xenon slippage on gold is much higher than on graphene in spite of the same physical nature of the interactions. To shed light on these intriguing results we have performed molecular dynamics simulations relying on ab initio derived potentials.

Epineurial Window Is More Efficient in Attracting Axons than Simple Coaptation in a Sutureless (Cyanoacrylate-Bound) Model of End-to-Side Nerve Repair in the Rat Upper Limb: Functional and Morphometric Evidences and Review of the Literature.

End-to-side nerve coaptation brings regenerating axons from the donor to the recipient nerve. Several techniques have been used to perform coaptation: microsurgical sutures with and without opening a window into the epi(peri)neurial connective tissue; among these, window techniques have been proven more effective in inducing axonal regeneration. The authors developed a sutureless model of end-to-side coaptation in the rat upper limb.

Thermolubricity of gas monolayers on graphene.

Nanofriction of Xe, Kr and N₂ monolayers deposited on graphene was explored with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) at temperatures between 25 and 50 K. Graphene was grown by chemical vapour deposition and transferred to the QCM electrodes with a polymer stamp. It was found to strongly adhere to the gold electrodes at temperatures as low as 5 K and at frequencies up to 5 MHz.

Onset of frictional slip by domain nucleation in adsorbed monolayers.

It has been known for centuries that a body in contact with a substrate will start to slide when the lateral force exceeds the static friction force. Yet the microscopic mechanisms ruling the crossover from static to dynamic friction are still the object of active research. Here, we analyze the onset of slip of a xenon (Xe) monolayer sliding on a copper (Cu) substrate.