Placental mesenchymal dysplasia: An underdiagnosed placental pathology with various clinical outcomes.

Background: Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is a rare vascular and connective placental anomaly, which is often associated with severe fetal and/or maternal complications. The diversity of presentation of PMD challenges diagnosis and effective pregnancy management.

Objective: We aimed to review cases presenting at 7 tertiary centers worldwide over the last decade and to study the occurrence of obstetric and neonatal complications.

Dying neurons in thalamus of asphyxiated term newborns and rats are autophagic.

Objective: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) still carries a high burden by its mortality and long-term neurological morbidity in survivors. Apart from hypothermia, there is no acknowledged therapy for HIE, reflecting the lack of mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiology. (Macro)autophagy, a physiological intracellular process of lysosomal degradation, has been proposed to be excessively activated in excitotoxic conditions such as HIE.