Combining seepage meters and amphibious electric resistivity tomography to investigate pathways of submarine groundwater discharge.

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) plays a pivotal role in coastal biogeochemistry, yet it is still challenging to accurately quantify water and solute fluxes driven by this process due to its complex hydrogeological dynamic. This work aims to improve the methods to identify and independently quantify different pathways of SGD by combining direct measurements through seepage meters and Amphibious Electrical Resistivity Tomography (AERT) at a heterogeneous karstic system in the Mediterranean Sea. The integrated approach identified and quantified distinct SGD pathways, including beach-face recirculation, focused discharge zones, submarine springs, and diffusive discharge, each uniquely influencing SGD dynamics.