Environmental conditions modulate the effect of epigenetic factors controlling the response of to .

The resistance of to clubroot, a major disease of Brassicaceae caused by the obligate protist , is controlled in part by epigenetic factors. The detection of some of these epigenetic quantitative trait loci (QTL) has been shown to depend on experimental conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess whether and how temperature and/or soil water availability influenced both the detection and the extent of the effect of response QTL.

Identification of transcriptional modules linked to the drought response of Brassica napus during seed development and their mitigation by early biotic stress.

In order to capture the drought impacts on seed quality acquisition in Brassica napus and its potential interaction with early biotic stress, seeds of the 'Express' genotype of oilseed rape were characterized from late embryogenesis to full maturity from plants submitted to reduced watering (WS) with or without pre-occurring inoculation by the telluric pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb + WS or Pb, respectively), and compared to control conditions (C). Drought as a single constraint led to significantly lower accumulation of lipids, higher protein content and reduced longevity of the WS-treated seeds. In contrast, when water shortage was preceded by clubroot infection, these phenotypic differences were completely abolished despite the upregulation of the drought sensor RD20.

Two adjacent NLR genes conferring quantitative resistance to clubroot disease in Arabidopsis are regulated by a stably inherited epiallelic variation.

Clubroot caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a major disease affecting cultivated Brassicaceae. Using a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) fine mapping, CRISPR-Cas9 validation, and extensive analyses of DNA sequence and methylation patterns, we revealed that the two adjacent neighboring NLR (nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat) genes AT5G47260 and AT5G47280 cooperate in controlling broad-spectrum quantitative partial resistance to the root pathogen P. brassicae in Arabidopsis and that they are epigenetically regulated.

Fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) are upregulated by salicylic acid together with defense-related genes in non-fructan accumulating plants.

The identification of several fructan exohydrolases (FEHs, EC 3.2.1.

Identification and Quantification of Glucosinolates and Phenolics in a Large Panel of Highlight Valuable Genetic Resources for Chemical Ecology and Breeding.

Glucosinolate (GLS) and phenolic contents in contribute to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Breeding crop accessions harboring agroecologically relevant metabolic profiles require a characterization of the chemical diversity in germplasm. This work investigates the diversity of specialized metabolites in 281 accessions of .

Multi-Omic Investigation of Low-Nitrogen Conditional Resistance to Clubroot Reveals Genes Involved in Nitrate Assimilation.

Nitrogen fertilization has been reported to influence the development of clubroot, a root disease of species, caused by the obligate protist . Our previous works highlighted that low-nitrogen fertilization induced a strong reduction of clubroot symptoms in some oilseed rape genotypes. To further understand the underlying mechanisms, the response to infection was investigated in two genotypes "Yudal" and HD018 harboring sharply contrasted nitrogen-driven modulation of resistance toward .

Nitrogen Supply and Host-Plant Genotype Modulate the Transcriptomic Profile of .

Nitrogen fertilization can affect the susceptibility of to the telluric pathogen . Our previous works highlighted that the influence of nitrogen can strongly vary regarding plant cultivar/pathogen strain combinations, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The present work aims to explore how nitrogen supply can affect the molecular physiology of through its life epidemiological cycle.

Dataset for the metabolic and physiological characterization of seeds from oilseed rape ( L.) plants grown under single or combined effects of drought and clubroot pathogen .

Faced with the challenges of adapting agriculture to climate change, seed production should have increased resilience to abiotic stress factors and the expected proliferation of pathogens. This concerns both the nutritional quality and seed vigor, two crucial factors in seedling establishment and yield. Both qualities are acquired during seed development, but how environment influences the genetic and physiological determinisms of these qualities remains to be elucidated.

Clubroot Symptoms and Resting Spore Production in a Doubled Haploid Population of Oilseed Rape () Are Controlled by Four Main QTLs.

Clubroot, caused by Woronin, is one of the most important diseases of oilseed rape ( L.). The rapid erosion of monogenic resistance in clubroot-resistant (CR) varieties underscores the need to diversify resistance sources controlling disease severity and traits related to pathogen fitness, such as resting spore production.

Soil microbiota influences clubroot disease by modulating Plasmodiophora brassicae and Brassica napus transcriptomes.

The contribution of surrounding plant microbiota to disease development has led to the 'pathobiome' concept, which represents the interaction between the pathogen, the host plant and the associated biotic microbial community, resulting or not in plant disease. The aim herein is to understand how the soil microbial environment may influence the functions of a pathogen and its pathogenesis, and the molecular response of the plant to the infection, with a dual-RNAseq transcriptomics approach. We address this question using Brassica napus and Plasmodiophora brassicae, the pathogen responsible for clubroot.

Resolution of quantitative resistance to clubroot into QTL-specific metabolic modules.

Plant disease resistance is often under quantitative genetic control. Thus, in a given interaction, plant cellular responses to infection are influenced by resistance or susceptibility alleles at different loci. In this study, a genetic linkage analysis was used to address the complexity of the metabolic responses of Brassica napus roots to infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Temporal dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during the infection of Brassica rapa roots by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae.

The temporal dynamics of rhizosphere and root microbiota composition was compared between healthy and infected Chinese cabbage plants by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. When inoculated with P. brassicae, disease was measured at five sampling dates from early root hair infection to late gall development.

Computational analysis of the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome: mitochondrial sequence description and metabolic pathway database design.

Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogenic protist responsible for clubroot, a root gall disease of Brassicaceae species. In addition to the reference genome of the P. brassicae European e3 isolate and the draft genomes of Canadian or Chinese isolates, we present the genome of eH, a second European isolate.

Quantitative resistance to clubroot infection mediated by transgenerational epigenetic variation in Arabidopsis.

Quantitative disease resistance, often influenced by environmental factors, is thought to be the result of DNA sequence variants segregating at multiple loci. However, heritable differences in DNA methylation, so-called transgenerational epigenetic variants, also could contribute to quantitative traits. Here, we tested this possibility using the well-characterized quantitative resistance of Arabidopsis to clubroot, a Brassica major disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Chromosome-scale assemblies of plant genomes using nanopore long reads and optical maps.

Plant genomes are often characterized by a high level of repetitiveness and polyploid nature. Consequently, creating genome assemblies for plant genomes is challenging. The introduction of short-read technologies 10 years ago substantially increased the number of available plant genomes.

Multi-year linkage and association mapping confirm the high number of genomic regions involved in oilseed rape quantitative resistance to blackleg.

A repertoire of the genomic regions involved in quantitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in winter oilseed rape was established from combined linkage-based QTL and genome-wide association (GWA) mapping. Linkage-based mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genome-wide association studies are complementary approaches for deciphering the genomic architecture of complex agronomical traits. In oilseed rape, quantitative resistance to blackleg disease, caused by L.

Comparative Genome-Wide-Association Mapping Identifies Common Loci Controlling Root System Architecture and Resistance to in Pea.

Combining plant genetic resistance with architectural traits that are unfavorable to disease development is a promising strategy for reducing epidemics. However, few studies have identified root system architecture (RSA) traits with the potential to limit root disease development. Pea is a major cultivated legume worldwide and has a wide level of natural genetic variability for plant architecture.

Hypoxia response in Arabidopsis roots infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae supports the development of clubroot.

Background: The induction of alcohol fermentation in roots is a plant adaptive response to flooding stress and oxygen deprivation. Available transcriptomic data suggest that fermentation-related genes are also frequently induced in roots infected with gall forming pathogens, but the biological significance of this induction is unclear. In this study, we addressed the role of hypoxia responses in Arabidopsis roots during infection by the clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Genome-wide association mapping of partial resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches in pea.

Background: Genome-wide association (GWA) mapping has recently emerged as a valuable approach for refining the genetic basis of polygenic resistance to plant diseases, which are increasingly used in integrated strategies for durable crop protection. Aphanomyces euteiches is a soil-borne pathogen of pea and other legumes worldwide, which causes yield-damaging root rot. Linkage mapping studies reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to A.

Comparative genomic analysis of duplicated homoeologous regions involved in the resistance of Brassica napus to stem canker.

All crop species are current or ancient polyploids. Following whole genome duplication, structural and functional modifications result in differential gene content or regulation in the duplicated regions, which can play a fundamental role in the diversification of genes underlying complex traits. We have investigated this issue in Brassica napus, a species with a highly duplicated genome, with the aim of studying the structural and functional organization of duplicated regions involved in quantitative resistance to stem canker, a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans.

Both the Jasmonic Acid and the Salicylic Acid Pathways Contribute to Resistance to the Biotrophic Clubroot Agent Plasmodiophora brassicae in Arabidopsis.

The role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in resistance to root pathogens has been poorly documented. We assessed the contribution of SA and JA to basal and partial resistance of Arabidopsis to the biotrophic clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. SA and JA levels as well as the expression of the SA-responsive genes PR2 and PR5 and the JA-responsive genes ARGAH2 and THI2.

Camalexin contributes to the partial resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the biotrophic soilborne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Camalexin has been reported to play defensive functions against several pathogens in Arabidopsis. In this study, we investigated the possible role of camalexin accumulation in two Arabidopsis genotypes with different levels of basal resistance to the compatible eH strain of the clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. Camalexin biosynthesis was induced in infected roots of both Col-0 (susceptible) and Bur-0 (partially resistant) accessions during the secondary phase of infection.

Homoeologous duplicated regions are involved in quantitative resistance of Brassica napus to stem canker.

Background: Several major crop species are current or ancient polyploids. To better describe the genetic factors controlling traits of agronomic interest (QTL), it is necessary to understand the structural and functional organisation of these QTL regions in relation to genome duplication. We investigated quantitative resistance to the fungal disease stem canker in Brassica napus, a highly duplicated amphidiploid species, to assess the proportion of resistance QTL located at duplicated positions.

Evolution and variability of Solanum RanGAP2, a cofactor in the incompatible interaction between the resistance protein GPA2 and the Globodera pallida effector Gp-RBP-1.

Background: The Ran GTPase Activating Protein 2 (RanGAP2) was first described as a regulator of mitosis and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. It was then found to interact with the Coiled-Coil domain of the Rx and GPA2 resistance proteins, which confer resistance to Potato Virus X (PVX) and potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida, respectively. RanGAP2 is thought to mediate recognition of the avirulence protein GP-RBP-1 by GPA2.