Exploring heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment.

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous diagnostic entity, without a clear prognosis, often accompanied by psychiatric symptomatology and physical frailty.

Objective: Understanding the heterogeneity within MCI is a critical step in improving the early detection of cognitive decline and developing effective interventions.

Methods: Cross-sectional multivariate latent mixture analyses of data from patients evaluated between 2015 and 2019, who were routinely entered into a multidisciplinary database for research purposes.

Language Dominance and Cultural Identity Predict Variation in Self-Reported Personality in English and Spanish Among Hispanic/Latino Bilingual Adults.

Language is a fundamental aspect of human culture that influences cognitive and perceptual processes. Prior evidence demonstrates personality self-report can vary across multilingual persons' language contexts. We assessed how cultural identification, language dominance, or both dynamically influence bilingual respondents' self-conception, via self-reported personality, across English and Spanish contexts.

Lessons from a longitudinal community-based investigation of adherence to guidelines and intent to vaccinate during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health challenge. The US Centers for Disease Control published guidelines early in the pandemic emphasizing practicing good hygiene and staying at home, which were later modified.

Purpose: Using a community sample of 2152 participants in the state of Florida who responded to a series of online surveys, we tested a prediction model of adherence to guidelines and intent to vaccinate during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dietary Acculturation Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiome, Circulating Metabolites, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in US Hispanics and Latinos: Results From HCHS/SOL.

Background: Dietary acculturation, or adoption of dominant culture diet by migrant groups, influences human health. We aimed to examine dietary acculturation and its relationships with cardiovascular disease (CVD), gut microbiota, and blood metabolites among US Hispanic and Latino adults.

Methods: In the HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos), US exposure was defined by years in the United States (50 states and Washington, DC) and US nativity.

Adverse childhood experiences and adult disease: Examining mediating pathways in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

Objectives: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to adulthood chronic diseases, but there is little research examining the mechanisms underlying this association. We tested pathways from ACEs to adult disease mediated via risk factors of depression, smoking, and body mass index.

Method: Prospective data from adults 18 to 74 years old from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and Sociocultural Ancillary Study were used.

Language Preference and its Moderating Role in Coping with Stress: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Stress and stressful events are widely accepted risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, including coronary heart disease and diabetes. As language plays a seminal role in development and regulation of emotions and appraisals of stressful situations, it may contribute to documented differences in the stress-cardiometabolic disease association across ethnic groups. We investigated associations between language preferences (Spanish vs English) and downstream health consequences of stress.

Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Status, Mortality, and Prediabetes in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Adults.

Importance: Data are limited on the association of physical activity (PA) with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in prediabetes, especially in racial and ethnic minority groups, including Hispanic and Latino populations.

Objective: To determine the association of PA with incident CVD and mortality by prediabetes status among Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic adults.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study included data from 2 cohorts of adults with prediabetes or normoglycemia who were free of CVD at baseline visit: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) from baseline examination through 2017, with median (IQR) follow-up of 7.

An analytical framework for the embodiment of structural inequities.

Objective: The goal of this article is to describe a conceptual multilevel model that provides evidence of embodiment of a societal stressor on the health of the individuals and illustrate with simulated data how omitting components in the analysis model fails to properly capture how context influences health.

Method: We describe a two-level model with variables at each level: stress at the group level and appraisal at the individual level. These factors are assumed to influence the blood pressure of individuals.

Associations of Anxiety Symptoms With 6-Year Blood Pressure Changes and Incident Hypertension: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Background: Despite the high burden of anxiety and hypertension in Hispanic/Latino adults, little is known about their association in this population.

Purpose: To examine the associations of anxiety symptoms with 6-year changes in blood pressure (BP) and incident hypertension in Hispanic/Latino adults.

Methods: We examined data from a probability sample of 10,881 Hispanic/Latino persons aged 18-74 who attended visits 1 (V1; 2008-2011) and 2 (V2; 2014-2017) of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a prospective cohort study.

Association Between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome Among Hispanic/Latino Participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

To determine whether high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is associated with incident Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults.

Cumulative All-Cause Mortality in Diverse Hispanic/Latino Adults : A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study.

Background: All-cause mortality among diverse Hispanic/Latino groups in the United States and factors underlying mortality differences have not been examined prospectively.

Objective: To describe cumulative all-cause mortality (and factors underlying differences) by Hispanic/Latino background, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design: Prospective, multicenter cohort study.

Risk estimation in relation to anxiety and depression for low probability negative events.

Foundational cognitive models propose that people with anxiety and depression show risk estimation bias, but most literature does not compute true risk estimation bias by comparing people's subjective risk estimates to their individualized reality (i.e., person-level objective risk).

Trait and situation-specific intolerance of uncertainty predict affective symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, a high-uncertainty situation, presents an ideal opportunity to examine how trait intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and situation-specific IU relate to each other and to mental health outcomes. The current longitudinal study examined the unique associations of trait and COVID-specific IU with general distress (anxiety and depression) and pandemic-specific concerns (pandemic stress and vaccine worry).

Methods: A community sample of Florida adults (N = 2152) was surveyed online at three timepoints.

General or Central Obesity and Mortality Among US Hispanic and Latino Adults.

Importance: The Hispanic and Latino population is the second largest ethnic group in the US, but associations of obesity parameters with mortality in this population remain unclear.

Objective: To investigate the associations of general and central obesity with mortality among US Hispanic and Latino adults.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is an ongoing, multicenter, population-based cohort study with a multistage probability sampling method performed in Hispanic and Latino adults aged 18 to 74 years with a baseline between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2011.

Does pain hurt more in Spanish? The neurobiology of pain among Spanish-English bilingual adults.

We previously found Spanish-English bilingual adults reported higher pain intensity when exposed to painful heat in the language of their stronger cultural orientation. Here, we elucidate brain systems involved in language-driven alterations in pain responses. During separate English- and Spanish-speaking fMRI scanning runs, 39 (21 female) bilingual adults rated painful heat intermixed between culturally evocative images and completed sentence reading tasks.

Psychosocial and health stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with sleep quality.

Objective: We investigated how psychosocial and health stressors and related cognitive-affective factors were differentially associated with sleep quality during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods And Measures: Adults living in Florida ( = 2,152) completed a Qualtrics survey in April-May 2020 (Wave 1). Participants ( = 831) were reassessed one month later (Wave 2; May-June 2020).

Social motivation predicts gaze following between 6 and 14 months.

Infants vary in their ability to follow others' gazes, but it is unclear how these individual differences emerge. We tested whether social motivation levels in early infancy predict later gaze following skills. We longitudinally tracked infants' (N = 82) gazes and pupil dilation while they observed videos of a woman looking into the camera simulating eye contact (i.

Evolving Science on Cardiovascular Disease Among Hispanic/Latino Adults: JACC International.

The landmark, multicenter HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos) is the largest, most comprehensive, longitudinal community-based cohort study to date of diverse Hispanic/Latino persons in the United States. The HCHS/SOL aimed to address the dearth of comprehensive data on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases in this population and has expanded considerably in scope since its inception. This paper describes the aims/objectives and data collection of the HCHS/SOL and its ancillary studies to date and highlights the critical and sizable contributions made by the study to understanding the prevalence of and changes in CVD risk/protective factors and the burden of CVD and related chronic conditions among adults of diverse Hispanic/Latino backgrounds.

Economic and Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Objectives: To examine the prevalence and correlates of economic hardship and psychosocial distress experienced during the initial phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a large cohort of Hispanic/Latino adults.

Methods: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), an ongoing multicenter study of Hispanic/Latino adults, collected information about COVID-19 illness and psychosocial and economic distress that occurred during the pandemic (=11,283). We estimated the prevalence of these experiences during the initial phase of the pandemic (May 2020 to May 2021) and examined the prepandemic factors associated with pandemic-related economic hardship and emotional distress using multivariable log linear models with binomial distributions to estimate prevalence ratios.

Cultural and neighborhood characteristics associated with activity-specific parenting practices in Hispanic/Latino youth: a secondary analysis of the Hispanic Community Children's health study/study of Latino youth.

Hispanic/Latino youth are less physically active than non-Hispanic/Latino youth. We assessed whether activity-specific parenting practices relate to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior among Hispanic/Latino youth, and whether cultural (acculturation) and neighborhood characteristics (perceived barriers to activity) relate to the use of parenting practice patterns. Using the Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth, n = 976 8-16-year-olds), we modeled linear regression associations between parenting practices and mean daily MVPA and sedentary behavior.

The relationship between health worry, work distress, and affective symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of hopelessness and helplessness.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic presented both serious health threats and economic hardships, which were reflected in increased rates of mood and anxiety symptoms. We examined two separate distress domains, health worries and work distress, as predictors of mood and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, we considered whether these two domains might be uniquely associated with the development of dysfunctional beliefs, as a proposed mechanism to account for increased symptoms during the pandemic.

Chronic Stress, Genetic Risk, and Obesity in US Hispanic/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether the association of chronic stress with obesity is independent of genetic risk and test whether it varies by the underlying genetic risk.

Methods: The analysis included data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a community-based study of Hispanic/Latinos living in four US communities (Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; San Diego, CA). The sample consisted of 5336 women and 3231 men who attended the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos second in-person examination, had measures of obesity, and chronic stress, and were genotyped.

The Spanish-English bilingual experience and cognitive change in Hispanics/Latinos from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging.

Introduction: Studies suggest bilingualism may delay behavioral manifestations of adverse cognitive aging including Alzheimer's dementia.

Methods: Three thousand nine hundred sixty-three participants (unweighted mean population age ≈56 years) at Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos baseline (2008-2011) self-reported their and their parents' birth outside the United States, Spanish as their first language, and used Spanish for baseline and comparable cognitive testing 7 years later (2015-2018). Spanish/English language proficiency and patterns of use were self-rated from 1 = only Spanish to 4 = English > Spanish.

Genetic and stress influences on the prevalence of hypertension among hispanics/latinos in the hispanic community health study/study of latinos (HCHS/SOL).

Purpose: The current study examined the effects of chronic stress and a genetic risk score on the presence of hypertension and elevated systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure among Hispanics/Latinos in the target population of Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Materials And Methods: Of the participants ( = 11,623) assessed during two clinic visits (Visit 1 2008-2013 & Visit 2 2014-2018), we analysed data from 7,429 adults (50.4% female), aged 18-74, who were genotyped and responded to chronic stress questionnaires.

Four-symptom model of medical-related posttraumatic stress among adult cancer patients.

Objective: Four symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTSS: intrusion, avoidance, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and negative alterations in cognitions and mood) were put forth by the Patients with chronic major medical illness and their family caregivers often perceive the illness experience as traumatic, yet criteria precludes medical illness as a potential traumatic exposure. In this article, we address the applicability of the four symptoms to a medical population.

Method: Adult patients with colorectal cancer ( = 130, M = 55.