Association of income level with kidney disease severity and progression among children and adolescents with CKD: a report from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study.

Background: Among adults, lower socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), progression to end-stage renal disease, and poor health outcomes; but its impact on young people with CKD is not established.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Settings & Participants: 572 children and adolescents aged 1-16 years with mild to moderate CKD residing in the United States and Canada who were enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study.

Sex, race, and socioeconomic disparities in kidney disease in children.

Racial and gender differences in the prevalence and treatment of chronic kidney disease in US children have been reported. Girls have lower rates of kidney transplantation than boys. Incidence of end-stage renal disease is twice as high among black patients compared with whites.