Accurate measurement of transgene copy number in crop plants using droplet digital PCR.

Genetic transformation is a powerful means for the improvement of crop plants, but requires labor- and resource-intensive methods. An efficient method for identifying single-copy transgene insertion events from a population of independent transgenic lines is desirable. Currently, transgene copy number is estimated by either Southern blot hybridization analyses or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments.

The codA gene as a negative selection marker in Citrus.

The use of positive selectable marker genes is widespread in plant genetic transformation allowing transgenic cells to grow while repressing non-transgenic cells. Negative selectable markers, on the contrary, allow the repression or ablation of transgenic cells. The codA gene of Escherichia coli encodes cytosine deaminase that hydrolyzes 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into the cytotoxic compound 5 fluorouracil.

Identification of putative TAL effector targets of the citrus canker pathogens shows functional convergence underlying disease development and defense response.

Background: Transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors, formerly known as the AvrBs3/PthA protein family, are DNA-binding effectors broadly found in Xanthomonas spp. that transactivate host genes upon injection via the bacterial type three-secretion system. Biologically relevant targets of TAL effectors, i.

Increased resistance against citrus canker mediated by a citrus mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play crucial roles in plant immunity. We previously identified a citrus MAPK (CsMAPK1) as a differentially expressed protein in response to infection by Xanthomonas aurantifolii, a bacterium that causes citrus canker in Mexican lime but a hypersensitive reaction in sweet oranges. Here, we confirm that, in sweet orange, CsMAPK1 is rapidly and preferentially induced by X.

TAL effectors target the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (CTD) by inhibiting the prolyl-isomerase activity of a CTD-associated cyclophilin.

Transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors of plant pathogenic bacteria function as transcription factors in plant cells. However, how TAL effectors control transcription in the host is presently unknown. Previously, we showed that TAL effectors of the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri, named PthAs, targeted the citrus protein complex comprising the thioredoxin CsTdx, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes CsUev/Ubc13 and cyclophilin CsCyp.

The Xanthomonas citri effector protein PthA interacts with citrus proteins involved in nuclear transport, protein folding and ubiquitination associated with DNA repair.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri utilizes the type III effector protein PthA to modulate host transcription to promote citrus canker. PthA proteins belong to the AvrBs3/PthA family and carry a domain comprising tandem repeats of 34 amino acids that mediates protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.

High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of citrus via sonication and vacuum infiltration.

An improved method for the Agrobacterium infiltration of epicotyl segments of 'Pineapple' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and 'Swingle' citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. X Poncirus trifoliata (L.

[Inequalities in clinical breast examination in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil].

This cross-sectional population-based survey focused on the coverage of clinical breast examination (CBE) in women 20 to 60 years of age in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and described the factors associated with lack of CBE. The outcome was defined as having received a CBE by a physician during the year prior to the interview. Two different multivariate models were analyzed.