Characterization of Ocular Injuries Caused by Orbeez Hydrated Gel Pellet Projectiles: Clinical Insights and Implications.

Purpose: To examine the clinical characteristics of patients who have experienced blunt ocular injuries from "Orbeez" hydrated gel pellets (Spin Master Corp.), and to describe ocular morbidity, visual acuity (VA), and intraocular pressure (IOP) after Orbeez-related ocular trauma.

Design: Retrospective, institutional, observational case series.

Achieving population-level violence declines: implications of the international crime drop for prevention programming.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations for the period 2016-2030 aim to achieve a substantial reduction of interpersonal violence. An increasing body of evidence of what works, emerging from randomized controlled trials, can inform public health policy decisions. However, there is very limited evidence on the kinds of mechanisms that lead to sustained declines in interpersonal violence at the population level.

Ion partitioning at the liquid/vapor interface of a multicomponent alkali halide solution: a model for aqueous sea salt aerosols.

The chemistry of Br species associated with sea salt ice and aerosols has been implicated in the episodes of ozone depletion reported at Arctic sunrise. However, Br(-) is only a minor component in sea salt, which has a Br(-)/Cl(-) molar ratio of approximately 0.0015.

Ion spatial distributions at the liquid-vapor interface of aqueous potassium fluoride solutions.

X-Ray photoemission spectroscopy operating under ambient pressure conditions is used to probe ion distributions throughout the interfacial region of a free-flowing aqueous liquid micro-jet of 6 M potassium fluoride. Varying the energy of the ejected photoelectrons by carrying out experiments as a function of X-ray wavelength measures the composition of the aqueous-vapor interfacial region at various depths. The F(-) to K(+) atomic ratio is equal to unity throughout the interfacial region to a depth of 2 nm.

Photodissociation pathways of 1,1-dichloroacetone.

We present a comprehensive investigation of the dissociation dynamics following photoexcitation of 1,1-dichloroacetone (CH(3)COCHCl(2)) at 193 nm. Two major dissociation channels are observed: cleavage of a C-Cl bond to form CH(3)C(O)CHCl + Cl and elimination of HCl. The branching between these reaction channels is roughly 9:1.

Unimolecular dissociation of the propargyl radical intermediate of the CH+C2H2 and C+C2H3 reactions.

This paper examines the unimolecular dissociation of propargyl (HCCCH2) radicals over a range of internal energies to probe the CH+HCCH and C+C2H3 bimolecular reactions from the radical intermediate to products. The propargyl radical was produced by 157 nm photolysis of propargyl chloride in crossed laser-molecular beam scattering experiments. The H-loss and H2 elimination channels of the nascent propargyl radicals were observed.

A study of the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-buten-2-yl radical via the 193 nm photodissociation of 2-chloro-2-butene.

This work investigates the unimolecular dissociation of the 2-buten-2-yl radical. This radical has three potentially competing reaction pathways: C-C fission to form CH3 + propyne, C-H fission to form H + 1,2-butadiene, and C-H fission to produce H + 2-butyne. The experiments were designed to probe the branching to the three unimolecular dissociation pathways of the radical and to test theoretical predictions of the relevant dissociation barriers.

Dissociation channels of the 1-buten-2-yl radical and its photolytic precursor 2-bromo-1-butene.

The work presented here is the first in a series of studies that use a molecular beam scattering technique to investigate the unimolecular reaction dynamics of C(4)H(7) radical isomers. Photodissociation of the halogenated precursor 2-bromo-1-butene at 193 nm under collisionless conditions produced 1-buten-2-yl radicals with a range of internal energies spanning the predicted barriers to the unimolecular reaction channels of the radical. Resolving the velocities of the stable C(4)H(7) radicals, as well as those of the products, allows for the identification of the energetic onset of each dissociation channel.

Unimolecular dissociation of the CH3OCO radical: an intermediate in the CH3O + CO reaction.

This work investigates the unimolecular dissociation of the methoxycarbonyl, CH(3)OCO, radical. Photolysis of methyl chloroformate at 193 nm produces nascent CH(3)OCO radicals with a distribution of internal energies, determined by the velocities of the momentum-matched Cl atoms, that spans the theoretically predicted barriers to the CH(3)O + CO and CH(3) + CO(2) product channels. Both electronic ground- and excited-state radicals undergo competitive dissociation to both product channels.

Effects of intraleaf variations in carbonic anhydrase activity and gas exchange on leaf C18OO isoflux in Zea mays.

Variation in the C18OO content of atmospheric CO2 (delta18Oa) can be used to distinguish photosynthesis from soil respiration, which is based on carbonic anhydrase (CA)-catalyzed 18O exchange between CO2 and 18O-enriched leaf water (delta18Ow). Here we tested the hypothesis that mean leaf delta18Ow and assimilation rates can be used to estimate whole-leaf C18OO flux (isoflux), ignoring intraleaf variations in CA activity and gas exchange parameters. We observed variations in CA activity along the leaf (> 30% decline from the leaf center toward the leaf ends), which were only partially correlated to those in delta18Ow (7 to 21 per thousand), delta18O and delta13C of leaf organic matter (25 to 30 per thousand and -12.

Dissociation of the ground state vinoxy radical and its photolytic precursor chloroacetaldehyde: electronic nonadiabaticity and the suppression of the H+ketene channel.

This work is a study of the competition between the two unimolecular reaction channels available to the vinoxy radical (CH(2)CHO), C-H fission to form H+ketene, and isomerization to the acetyl radical (CH(3)CO) followed by C-C fission to form CH(3) + CO. Chloroacetaldehyde (CH(2)ClCHO) was used as a photolytic precursor to the vinoxy radical in its ground state; photodissociation of chloroacetaldehyde at 193 nm produces vinoxy radicals with internal energies spanning the G3//B3LYP calculated barriers to the two available unimolecular reaction channels. The onset of the CH(3) + CO channel, via isomerization to the acetyl radical, was found to occur at an internal energy of 41 +/- 2 kcal/mol, agreeing well with our calculated isomerization barrier of 40.