Multi-biomarker approach to evaluate the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (active ingredient and a commercial formulation) on different stages of Biomphalaria straminea.

Biomphalaria straminea is a freshwater gastropod native to South America and used in toxicological assessments. Our aim was to estimate 48 h-LC and sub-chronic effects after the exposure to low concentrations of chlorpyrifos as commercial formulation (CF) and active ingredient (AI) on B. straminea adult, embryos and juveniles.