Contribution of tryptophan and its metabolites to transplant outcome: a mini-review.

Long-term tolerance in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs is a major goal in the transplantation field, not yet attained. Recent research on the role of commensal microbiota in the control of immunity has opened new avenues for the search of novel clinical interventions. Indeed, products of intestinal metabolism generated by both host cells and the microbiota have been identified as modulators of the immune response.

Extracellular Vesicles from Immune Cells: A Biomedical Perspective.

Research on the role of extracellular vesicles (sEV) in physiology has demonstrated their undoubted importance in processes such as the transportation of molecules with significance for cell metabolism, cell communication, and the regulation of mechanisms such as cell differentiation, inflammation, and immunity. Although the role of EVs in the immune response is actively investigated, there is little literature revising, in a comprehensive manner, the role of small EVs produced by immune cells. Here, we present a review of studies reporting the release of sEV by different types of leukocytes and the implications of such observations on cellular homeostasis.