A blood-based liquid biopsy analyzing soluble immune checkpoints and cytokines identifies distinct neuroendocrine tumors.

Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise a group of rare tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells, which are present in both endocrine glands and scattered throughout the body. Due to their scarcity and absence of specific markers, diagnosing NENs remains a complex challenge. Therefore, new biomarkers are required, ideally, in easy-to-obtain blood samples.