Indicators for lack of systemic availability of organic pigments.

Experimental data of all 143 organic pigments registered with the European Chemicals Agency, of which 88 were listed in a nanomaterial inventory, was retrieved from the registered substance fact sheets. Availability of the data was 93% for solubility, 82% for bacterial mutagenicity, 79% for acute oral toxicity, 75% for irritation, 59% for skin sensitisation, 36% for repeated dose toxicity and 34% for each clastogenicity and mutagenicity in mammalian cells and 23% for toxicity to reproduction. Pigments mostly had a water and octanol solubility of significantly below 0.

Phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in the parasite mitochondrion is required for efficient growth but dispensable for survival of Toxoplasma gondii.

Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, which also includes other parasites of clinical and/or veterinary importance, such as Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. Acute infection by Toxoplasma is hallmarked by rapid proliferation in its host cells and requires a significant synthesis of parasite membranes. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) is the second major phospholipid class in T.