IRF5 guides monocytes toward an inflammatory CD11c macrophage phenotype and promotes intestinal inflammation.

Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) are vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis but, in response to acute microbial stimulation, can also trigger immunopathology, accelerating recruitment of Ly6C monocytes to the gut. The regulators that control monocyte tissue adaptation in the gut remain poorly understood. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor previously shown to play a key role in maintaining the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages.

Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids.

The treatment of common bile duct (CBD) disorders, such as biliary atresia or ischemic strictures, is restricted by the lack of biliary tissue from healthy donors suitable for surgical reconstruction. Here we report a new method for the isolation and propagation of human cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic biliary tree in the form of extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs) for regenerative medicine applications. The resulting ECOs closely resemble primary cholangiocytes in terms of their transcriptomic profile and functional properties.

Exploring the distribution of genetic markers of pharmacogenomics relevance in Brazilian and Mexican populations.

Studies of pharmacogenomics-related traits are increasingly being performed to identify loci that affect either drug response or susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. However, the effect of the polymorphisms can differ in magnitude or be absent depending on the population being assessed. We used the Affymetrix Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters (DMET) Plus array to characterize the distribution of polymorphisms of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics (PGx) relevance in two samples from the most populous Latin American countries, Brazil and Mexico.

Association of a low-frequency variant in HNF1A with type 2 diabetes in a Latino population.

Importance: Latino populations have one of the highest prevalences of type 2 diabetes worldwide.

Objectives: To investigate the association between rare protein-coding genetic variants and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a large Latino population and to explore potential molecular and physiological mechanisms for the observed relationships.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Whole-exome sequencing was performed on DNA samples from 3756 Mexican and US Latino individuals (1794 with type 2 diabetes and 1962 without diabetes) recruited from 1993 to 2013.

Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico.

Performing genetic studies in multiple human populations can identify disease risk alleles that are common in one population but rare in others, with the potential to illuminate pathophysiology, health disparities, and the population genetic origins of disease alleles. Here we analysed 9.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each of 8,214 Mexicans and other Latin Americans: 3,848 with type 2 diabetes and 4,366 non-diabetic controls.

Reconstructing Native American population history.

The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred by means of a single migration or multiple streams of migration from Siberia. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood.

Effect of endovenous morphine vs. ketorolac on proinflammatory cytokines during postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background: Postoperative pain is the main symptom following a surgical event and is related to an inflammatory process involving cytokine secretion. This type of pain is usually treated with opioids such as morphine, whose analgesic efficacy is well known. However, it is unknown when compared with ketorolac in measuring proinflammatory cytokine levels.

Clinical analgesic efficacy and side effects of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic knee surgery.

Study Objectives: To determine the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period.

Design: Randomized, double-blind, double placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Setting: University medical center.

[Evaluation of twenty-three episodes of acute thoracic syndrome in patients with sickle cell anemia].

Introduction: Acute thoracic syndrome (pneumonia and/or lung infarction) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell anemia.

Objective: To review the clinical manifestations, management and outcome of episodes of acute thoracic syndrome in our hospital.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all the episodes of acute thoracic syndrome diagnosed at our center in patients younger than 18 years of age with sickle cell anemia.