[Not Available].

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a mammalian meat allergy associated with tick bites and specific IgE to the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal). Recent studies have shown that 10-20% of AGS patients also react to the dairy proteins. Considering the already described role of the meat lipid fraction in AGS manifestations, the aim of this work has been to investigate whether the milk fat globule proteins (MFGPs) could be involved in AGS.

A2 Milk and BCM-7 Peptide as Emerging Parameters of Milk Quality.

Beta-casein makes up about 30% of the total protein contained in milk and can be present in cows' milk in two distinct forms (A1 or A2) or as a combination of the two. The only difference between these two variants of β-casein (β-CN) is a single amino acid substitution. This results in a different behavior of the protein upon enzymatic cleavage, following human consumption or due to microbial action.

Thermal processing of insect allergens and IgE cross-recognition in Italian patients allergic to shrimp, house dust mite and mealworm.

Edible insects are considered as a promising and sustainable alternative protein source for humans, although risk assessments, with particular reference to the allergic potential of insect proteins, are required. Considering that insects are likely to be consumed after processing, it is crucial to assess how processing can influence allergenicity. In our study, we investigated how boiling and frying affect the IgE cross-recognition of proteins from five edible insects (mealworm, buffalo worm, silkworm, cricket and grasshopper).

Donkey Milk Fermentation by subsp. and Affects the Antiviral and Antibacterial Milk Properties.

Background: Milk is considered an important source of bioactive peptides, which can be produced by endogenous or starter bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, that are considered effective and safe producers of food-grade bioactive peptides. Among the various types of milk, donkey milk has been gaining more and more attention for its nutraceutical properties.

Methods: 17D10 and subsp.

Oleosin Cor a 15 is a novel allergen for Italian hazelnut allergic children.

Background: Hazelnut allergy, which is characterized by symptoms that range from mild to severe, is one of the most common allergies in children throughout Europe, and an accurate diagnosis of this allergy is therefore essential. However, lipophilic allergens, such as oleosins, are generally underrepresented in diagnostic tests. We therefore sought to characterize the IgE reactivity of raw and roasted hazelnut oleosins, using the sera of hazelnut-allergic pediatric patients.

Antimicrobial Potential of Food Lactic Acid Bacteria: Bioactive Peptide Decrypting from Caseins and Bacteriocin Production.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) potential in the food industry and in the biotechnological sector is a well-established interest. LAB potential in counteracting especially food-borne infections has received growing attention, but despite being a road full of promises is yet poorly explored. Furthermore, the ability of LAB to produce antimicrobial compounds, both by ribosomal synthesis and by decrypting them from proteins, is of high value when considering the growing impact of multidrug resistant strains.

Multi-target detection of egg-white and pig gelatin fining agents in Nebbiolo-based aged red wine by means of nanoHPLC-HRMS.

The presence of residues from fining agents in wines may represent a risk for allergic consumers and a source of discomfort for others, such as vegans. Even though ELISA is the official detection method for such residues, this technique may be hindered by cross-reactivity issues, or by matrix-molecule interference due to a high polyphenol content, especially in red wines. An HRMS-based method has been developed to detect pig gelatin and egg white in experimental five-year aged Nebbiolo-based red wine.

Effect of hot air and infrared roasting on hazelnut allergenicity.

Roasting is known to affect the protein profile and allergenicity of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana cv TGL). The aim of the study was to investigate whether roasting techniques based on different heat transfer methods (hot air and infrared), differently affect the protein solubility and the IgE-binding capacities of both the soluble and insoluble hazelnut protein fractions. The immune-reactivity of the Cor a 9, Cor a 11 and Cor a 14 allergens resulted to be stable after roasting at 140 °C, for both types of treatment, while roasting at 170 °C caused a reduction in IgE-binding, which was particularly noticeable after infrared processing, that led to an almost complete disappearance of allergenicity.

Extracellular Vesicles in Human Preterm Colostrum Inhibit Infection by Human Cytomegalovirus In Vitro.

Breast milk is a complex biofluid that nourishes infants, supports their growth and protects them from diseases. However, at the same time, breastfeeding is a transmission route for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), with preterm infants being at a great risk of congenital disease. The discrepancy between high HCMV transmission rates and the few reported cases of infants with severe clinical illness is likely due to the protective effect of breast milk.

Investigation of the protein profile of silkworm () pupae reared on a well-calibrated artificial diet compared to mulberry leaf diet.

Background: Silkworm pupae is the main by-product of the sericulture industry with an interesting nutritional profile, especially in terms of proteins. In consideration of its possible use as a food or food ingredient in Western countries, a comparative proteomic experiment has been performed to investigate the differences of the protein profile of male and female silkworm pupae reared on mulberry leaves or on an artificial diet.

Methods: The nutritional profile of lyophilized silkworm pupae in terms of dry matter and ash was evaluated according to the AOAC procedures, the total nitrogen content was determined by a nitrogen analyzer and the silkworm pupae gross energy value was measured using an adiabatic calorimetric bomb.

Proteome Response of DSM 20266T to Anaerobiosis and Nitrite Exposure.

The viability and competitiveness of in meat mostly depend on the ability to adapt itself to rapid oxygen and nutrients depletion during meat fermentation. The utilization of nitrite instead of oxygen becomes a successful strategy for this strain to improve its performance in anaerobiosis; however, metabolic pathways of this strain underlying this adaptation, are partially known. The aim of this study was to provide an overview on proteomic changes of DSM 20266T cultured under anaerobiosis and nitrite exposure.

Back to the past-forever young: cutting-edge biochemical and microbiological tools for cultural heritage conservation.

Ancient documents and milestones of human history such as manuscripts and textiles are fragile and during aging undergo chemical, physical, and biological deterioration. Among the different causes of damage, also human intervention plays a role since some restoration strategies proved to be transient and/or they generated further damage. Outdoor monuments undergo deterioration since they are exposed to pollution, weathering, microbial attack (giving rise to undesired pigmentation, discoloration or true dissolution, corrosion, and overall decay), as well as man-made damage (i.

Back to the past: "find the guilty bug-microorganisms involved in the biodeterioration of archeological and historical artifacts".

Microbial deterioration accounts for a significant percentage of the degradation processes that occur on archeological/historical objects and artworks, and identifying the causative agents of such a phenomenon should therefore be a priority, in consideration of the need to conserve these important cultural heritage items. Diverse microbiological approaches, such as microscopic evaluations, cultural methods, metabolic- and DNA-based techniques, as well as a combination of the aforementioned methods, have been employed to characterize the bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities that colonize art objects. The purpose of the present review article is to report the interactions occurring between the microorganisms and nutrients that are present in stones, bones, wood, paper, films, paintings, and modern art specimens (namely, collagen, cellulose, gelatin, albumin, lipids, and hydrocarbons).

Back to the past: deciphering cultural heritage secrets by protein identification.

The present review article reports the most innovative methods to detect proteins in historical and archeological samples as well as to characterize proteins used as binders in artworks. Difficulties to ascribe proteins to a certain animal species are often due to post-translational modifications originated by chemical or microbial deterioration during aging. Combining different techniques such as peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry can solve some of these problems and also allow discrimination between taxonomically related species like sheep and goat.

Enhanced arginine biosynthesis and lower proteolytic profile as indicators of Saccharomyces cerevisiae stress in stationary phase during fermentation of high sugar grape must: A proteomic evidence.

A strain of Saccharomyces (S) cerevisiae (ISE19), which displayed an initial good adaptation to a high sugar medium with increased acetate and glycerol production but weak overall growth/fermentation performances, was selected during the alcoholic fermentation of Cortese grape must. To obtain insights into the metabolic changes that occur in the must during growth in particular conditions (high ethanol, high residual sugars and low nitrogen availability) leading to a sluggish fermentation or even fermentation arrest, comparative in-gel proteomic analyses were performed on cells grown in media containing 200g/L and 260g/L of glucose, respectively, while the YAN (Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen) concentration was maintained as it was. Two post-translationally different arginine synthases (pI 5.

Mite-Induced Asthma and IgE Levels to Shrimp, Mite, Tropomyosin, Arginine Kinase, and Der p 10 Are the Most Relevant Risk Factors for Challenge-Proven Shrimp Allergy.

Background: Shrimp sensitization is common in the general population, but the presence of symptoms is only moderately related to sensitization. A point still at issue is which in vivo and/or in vitro tests (food challenge, component-resolved diagnosis, house dust mite [HDM] sensitization) can help in distinguishing shrimp-allergic subjects from subjects that are sensitized but tolerant.

Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IgE to the different shrimp and mite allergens in distinguishing shrimp challenge-positive from challenge-negative patients.

Effects of two different domestic boiling practices on the allergenicity of cow's milk proteins.

Background: The sale of raw drinking milk through automatic dispensers is permitted in some EU member states, but consumers are usually advised to boil the milk before consumption. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of two common domestic boiling techniques on the proteins of raw milk and, in particular, on their potential allergenicity.

Results: Native one-dimensional electrophoresis, N-terminal amino acid sequencing and immunoblotting have been used to characterize the protein pattern and to evaluate the possible changes in the allergenic properties of the processed milk.

Reduction of whey protein concentrate antigenicity by using a combined enzymatic digestion and ultrafiltration approach.

The global interest in saving food resources is leading to recycle wasted-food materials to extract useful nutrients. In dairy industry, the recycling of whey proteins determines their utilization in the healthy-addressed foods, which, however, can cause immunological responses in allergic subjects. In this work, a whey protein concentrate (WPC) was alternatively hydrolyzed with pepsin, papain, trypsin and rennin in order to attenuate or abolish the β-lactoglobulin (BLG) antigenicity.

Validation of a mass spectrometry-based method for milk traces detection in baked food.

A simple validated LC-MS/MS-based method was set up to detect milk contamination in bakery products, taking the effects of food processing into account for the evaluation of allergen recovery and quantification. Incurred cookies were prepared at eight levels of milk contamination and were cooked to expose all milk components, including allergenic proteins, to food processing conditions. Remarkable results were obtained in term of sufficiently low LOD and LOQ (1.

Identification of Equine Lactadherin-derived Peptides That Inhibit Rotavirus Infection via Integrin Receptor Competition.

Human rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children under the age of 5 years in both developed and developing countries. Human lactadherin, a milk fat globule membrane glycoprotein, inhibits human rotavirus infection in vitro, whereas bovine lactadherin is not active. Moreover, it protects breastfed infants against symptomatic rotavirus infections.

Identification and characterization of genes, encoding the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and a putative lipase, in an avirulent spontaneous Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 mutant.

Legionella pneumophila is a pathogen widespread in aquatic environment, able to multiply both within amoebae and human macrophages. The aim of this study was to identify genes differently expressed in a spontaneous avirulent Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 mutant, named Vir-, respect the parental strain (Vir+), and to determine their role in the loss of virulence. Protein profiles revealed some differences in Vir- proteomic maps, and among the identified proteins the undetectable 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BdhA) and a down-produced lipase.

Rice allergy demonstrated by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge in peach-allergic patients is related to lipid transfer protein reactivity.

Background: The risk factors for sensitisation to rice and the involved allergens are still partially unknown. In this study we evaluated the clinically relevant aspects of rice allergy in DBPCF-positive patients, the major rice allergens, the severity of peach- and rice-induced symptoms in respect to Pru p 3 sensitisation and the role of anti-rPru p 3 IgE levels as a risk factor for rice allergy.

Methods: In 148 peach-allergic subjects, patients with allergic reactions to rice and rice-positive serum IgE were selected.

Proteome profile and biological activity of caprine, bovine and human milk fat globules.

Upon combining bidimensional electrophoresis with monodimensional separation, a more comprehensive analysis of the milk fat globule membrane has been obtained. The proteomic profile of caprine milk fat globules revealed the presence of butyrophilin, lactadherin and perilipin as the major proteins, they were also associated to bovine and human milk fat globule membranes. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase has been detected only in monodimensional gels.

A multidisciplinary study on the effects of phloem-limited viruses on the agronomical performance and berry quality of Vitis vinifera cv. Nebbiolo.

Viral infections are known to have a detrimental effect on grapevine yield and performance, but there is still a lack of knowledge about their effect on the quality and safety of end products. Vines of Vitis vinifera cv. Nebbiolo clone 308, affected simultaneously by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine virus A (GVA), and Rupestris stem pitting associated virus (RSPaV), were subjected to integrated analyses of agronomical performance, grape berry characteristics, instrumental texture profile, and proteome profiling.