Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity over the last 20 years.

Background: Child overweight and obesity is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The present work aimed to explain the global trends of overweight in children under 5 years during the last two decades in comparison to the global nutrition targets.

Methods: We analysed secondary data from the Global Nutrition Report 2020 report for the years 2000 to 2020 from 194 countries, distributed in 23 sub-regions to examine the changes in prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in children under five years of age.

Educational attainment and mental health conditions: a within-sibship Mendelian randomization study.

Importance: Observational studies have demonstrated consistent protective effects of higher educational attainment (EA) on the risk of suffering mental health conditions (MHC). Determining whether these beneficial effects are causal is challenging given the potential role of dynastic effects and demographic factors (assortative mating and population structure) in this association.

Objective: To evaluate to what extent the relationship between EA and various MHC is independent from dynastic effects and demographic factors.

The double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants: A cross-sectional study.

Objective: The objective of the present work was to study the relationship between the double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants.

Method: ology: Sample included 5900 infants under 24 months of age, participants of the ENSANUT-ECU study. To evaluate nutritional status, we calculated z-scores for body mass index/age (BAZ) and height/age (HAZ).

Bodyweight change and its association with food and beverage consumption at the beginning COVID-19 confinement.

Objectives: SARS-CoV-2, a newly identified coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has challenged health services and profoundly impacted people's lifestyles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic on food consumption patterns and body weight in adults from 12 Ibero-American countries.

Methods: Multicentric, cross-sectional study.

Stress and Diet Quality Among Ecuadorian Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Stress has been associated with food habits. Stress changes eating patterns and the salience and consumption of hyperpalatable foods. During the lock-down due to the COVID-19 pandemic, stress was very common.

Cognitive function and vitamin B12 and D among community-dwelling elders: A cross-sectional study.

Background & Aims: Little is know on the association between mild or sub-clinical vitamin B12 or D deficiencies and cognitive decline. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the association between vitamin B12 and D levels, and cognitive function in community-dwelling elders.

Methods: Cross-sectional study that included data from elders who participated in the SABE study, a population-based study that was carried out in Ecuador.

Relationship between perceived stress and emotional eating. A cross sectional study.

Background And Aims: Stress-related to self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic has shown a strong correlation with issues in the diet and health of the population. In this study, we aimed to relate the perceived stress of a group of Ecuadorian adults with emotional eating.

Methods: Cross-sectional design study.

Mobility restrictions and mental health among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador.

Objective: To study the association between mobility restriction and mental health outcomes among Ecuadorian young adults.

Method: The present is a cross-sectional study that included a non-probabilistic sample of mostly highly educated young adults. Socio-demographic and mental health data were collected through an online survey, between May and June 2020, when confinement was mandatory in Ecuador.

Psychological factors of diet quality among rural populations of Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the relationship between symptoms of anxiety and/or anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure) and diet quality during confinement due to COVID-19 in rural populations in Latin America.

Methods: This was a multicentric, cross-sectional study. An online survey was applied, which included the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale for assessing the presence of anhedonia, the Food Intake Questionnaire and sociodemographic questions.

An exploratory assessment of human and animal health concerns of smallholder farmers in rural communities of Chimborazo, Ecuador.

Background: Livestock play important economic and cultural roles in smallholder communities of Ecuador, yet they also serve as potential sources of zoonotic infections. Understanding the animal and human health concerns of smallholder farmers is important in guiding strategies for improvement of the health and livelihoods of these resource-poor farmers. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (a) assess the health concerns of smallholder farmers; (b) explore animal and waste management practices; and (c) identify predictors of pediatric and livestock diarrhea on smallholder farms in Ecuador.

Anxiety, Anhedonia, and related food consumption at the beginning of the COVID-19 quarantine in populations of Spanish-speaking Ibero-American countries: An online cross-sectional survey study.

• In Ibero-American, the anxiety and anhedonia are related to the consumption of food. • The anxiety is related to the consumption of palatable foods during confinement. • The different type of foods had a different probability of increasing serving size.

Sleep quality does not mediate the negative effects of chronodisruption on body composition and metabolic syndrome in healthcare workers in Ecuador.

Background And Aims: The objective of the present work was to determine to what extent sleep quality may mediate the association between chronodisruption (CD) and metabolic syndrome (MS), and between CD and body composition (BC).

Methodology: Cross-sectional study which included 300 adult health workers, 150 of whom were night shift workers and thereby exposed to CD. Diagnosis of MS was made based on Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.

[Estimation of weight based on age in Ecuadorian boys and girls: a validation of the APLS formula].

Introduction: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. Objective: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. Methods: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study.

[Socio-demographic determinants of violence in older people in Ecuador].

Background And Objective: Older adults are at increased risk of violence. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to identify associated risk factors. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between violence and various socio-demographic factors (age, gender, ethnic group, level of education, and place of residence) in older adults.

Blood Pressure in Andean Adults Living Permanently at Different Altitudes.

Vinueza Veloz, Andrés Fernando, Aymaru Kailli Yaulema Riss, Chris I. De Zeeuw, Tannia Valeria Carpio Arias, and María Fernanda Vinueza Veloz. Blood pressure in Andean adults living permanently at different altitudes.

Genetic risk for Alzheimer disease in children: Evidence from early-life IQ and brain white-matter microstructure.

It remains unclear whether the genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is linked to premorbid individual differences in general cognitive ability and brain structure. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the genetic risk of late-onset AD is related to premorbid individual differences in intelligence quotient (IQ) and characteristics of the cerebral white-matter in children. The study sample included children of the Generation R Study from Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

SLC26A11 (KBAT) in Purkinje Cells Is Critical for Inhibitory Transmission and Contributes to Locomotor Coordination.

Chloride homeostasis determines the impact of inhibitory synaptic transmission and thereby mediates the excitability of neurons. Even though cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) receive a pronounced inhibitory GABAergic input from stellate and basket cells, the role of chloride homeostasis in these neurons is largely unknown. Here we studied at both the cellular and systems physiological level the function of a recently discovered chloride channel, SLC26A11 or kidney brain anion transporter (KBAT), which is prominently expressed in PCs.

Reducing GBA2 Activity Ameliorates Neuropathology in Niemann-Pick Type C Mice.

The enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA) hydrolyses glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in lysosomes. Markedly reduced GBA activity is associated with severe manifestations of Gaucher disease including neurological involvement. Mutations in the GBA gene have recently also been identified as major genetic risk factor for Parkinsonism.

Familial Alzheimer's disease-associated presenilin-1 alters cerebellar activity and calcium homeostasis.

Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is characterized by autosomal dominant heritability and early disease onset. Mutations in the gene encoding presenilin-1 (PS1) are found in approximately 80% of cases of FAD, with some of these patients presenting cerebellar damage with amyloid plaques and ataxia with unclear pathophysiology. A Colombian kindred carrying the PS1-E280A mutation is the largest known cohort of PS1-FAD patients.