Metal concentration in honeybees along an urbanization gradient in Central Mexico.

Urbanization is rapidly increasing worldwide, leading to rising levels of pollution, one of the major drivers of environmental change; yet little is known about the relationship between urbanization intensity and pollution levels in pollinator taxa. Toxic metals are among the most common contaminants in urban environments, but few data exist on their presence in the flora and fauna of cities in Latin America, one of the world's most urbanized and biologically diverse regions. In this study, we used an urban-rural gradient approach to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of eleven metals present in adult honeybees (Apis mellifera) and the degree of urbanization within twelve landscapes in the metropolitan area of Pachuca, Hidalgo, which forms part of the megalopolis of Mexico City.