CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III.

CRISPR/Cas systems constitute a widespread class of immunity systems that protect bacteria and archaea against phages and plasmids, and commonly use repeat/spacer-derived short crRNAs to silence foreign nucleic acids in a sequence-specific manner. Although the maturation of crRNAs represents a key event in CRISPR activation, the responsible endoribonucleases (CasE, Cas6, Csy4) are missing in many CRISPR/Cas subtypes. Here, differential RNA sequencing of the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes uncovered tracrRNA, a trans-encoded small RNA with 24-nucleotide complementarity to the repeat regions of crRNA precursor transcripts.

Effects of fungicides on in vitro spore germination and mycelial growth of the phytopathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa (phoma stem canker of oilseed rape).

Background: Phoma stem canker, caused by the coexisting related fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans (Des.) Ces. & de Not and L.

Discovery of new C3aR ligands. Part 2: amino-piperidine derivatives.

The synthesis and structure-activity relationships against the C3a receptor of a series of substituted aminopiperidine derivatives are reported. DMPK properties and functional activities of selected compounds are described. The compounds obtained are the first non-arginine ligands of C3aR.

Lost in the middle of nowhere: the AvrLm1 avirulence gene of the Dothideomycete Leptosphaeria maculans.

Leptosphaeria maculans, a Dothideomycete causing stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus), develops gene-for-gene interactions with its host plants. To date, nine resistance genes (Rlm1-9) have been identified in Brassica spp. The corresponding nine avirulence genes (AvrLm1-9) in L.

Temperature and leaf wetness duration affect phenotypic expression of Rlm6-mediated resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus.

Near-isogenic Brassica napus lines carrying/lacking resistance gene Rlm6 were used to investigate the effects of temperature and leaf wetness duration on phenotypic expression of Rlm6-mediated resistance. Leaves were inoculated with ascospores or conidia of Leptosphaeria maculans carrying the effector gene AvrLm6. Incubation period to the onset of lesion development, number of lesions and lesion diameter were assessed.

Genetic variability and distribution of mating type alleles in field populations of Leptosphaeria maculans from France.

Leptosphaeria maculans is the most ubiquitous fungal pathogen of Brassica crops and causes the devastating stem canker disease of oilseed rape worldwide. We used minisatellite markers to determine the genetic structure of L. maculans in four field populations from France.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Leptosphaeria spp. and Oculimacula spp. with the reef coral gene DsRed and the jellyfish gene gfp.

Four filamentous ascomycetes, Leptosphaeria maculans, L. biglobosa, Oculimacula yallundae and O. acuformis, were transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with the genes encoding DsRed and GFP.

Identification and characterization of polymorphic minisatellites in the phytopathogenic ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans.

Leptosphaeria maculans causes phoma stem canker, the most serious disease of oilseed rape world-wide. Sexual recombination is important in the pathogen life cycle and increases the risk of plant resistance genes being overcome rapidly. Thus, there is a need to develop easy-to-use molecular markers suitable for large-scale population genetic studies.

Distinct mechanisms of action of anti-CD154 in early versus late treatment of murine lupus nephritis.

Objective: Treatment with anti-CD154 antibody is known to ameliorate murine lupus nephritis when given early in the disease. The aims of this study were to identify the mechanism of this early effect, to determine whether late anti-CD154 treatment could halt established nephritis, and, if so, to examine potential mechanisms of late efficacy.

Methods: We studied the effects of anti-CD154 treatment on autoantibody production and immune complex deposition, renal pathology, survival, and renal cytokine and chemokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression both in (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice (BW mice) and in NZM.

The chemotaxonomic significance of two bioactive caffeic acid esters, nepetoidins A and B, in the Lamiaceae.

A survey of leaf surface constituents in the family Lamiaceae using HPLC with diode array detection revealed the presence of two characteristic phenolic compounds in many species. The distribution of these phenolics in the Lamiaceae was found to be of taxonomic significance, as they were present in the great majority of species investigated for the subfamily Nepetoideae, including representatives of the well-known genera of culinary herbs, mint, rosemary, sage, thyme and basil. In contrast, they were absent from species of the other subfamilies of Lamiaceae studied and from the related families Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Acanthaceae and Buddlejaceae.