Gamified Crowdsourcing as a Novel Approach to Lung Ultrasound Data Set Labeling: Prospective Analysis.

Background: Machine learning (ML) models can yield faster and more accurate medical diagnoses; however, developing ML models is limited by a lack of high-quality labeled training data. Crowdsourced labeling is a potential solution but can be constrained by concerns about label quality.

Objective: This study aims to examine whether a gamified crowdsourcing platform with continuous performance assessment, user feedback, and performance-based incentives could produce expert-quality labels on medical imaging data.

Potential Utility of C-reactive Protein for Tuberculosis Risk Stratification among Patients with Non-Meningitic Symptoms at HIV Diagnosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Article Summary: We assessed the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and (TB) diagnosis in symptomatic patients at HIV diagnosis. We found that CRP concentrations can improve tuberculosis risk stratification, facilitating decision making about whether (specific) tuberculosis testing is indicated before antiretroviral therapy initiation.

Background: The World Health Organization recommends initiating same-day ART while tuberculosis testing is underway for patients with non-meningitic symptoms at HIV diagnosis, though safety data are limited.

Same-day testing with initiation of antiretroviral therapy or tuberculosis treatment versus standard care for persons presenting with tuberculosis symptoms at HIV diagnosis: A randomized open-label trial from Haiti.

Background: Same-day HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is being widely implemented. However, the optimal timing of ART among patients with tuberculosis (TB) symptoms is unknown. We hypothesized that same-day treatment (TB treatment for those diagnosed with TB; ART for those not diagnosed with TB) would be superior to standard care in this population.

Deep Learning for Detection and Localization of B-Lines in Lung Ultrasound.

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an important imaging modality used by emergency physicians to assess pulmonary congestion at the patient bedside. B-line artifacts in LUS videos are key findings associated with pulmonary congestion. Not only can the interpretation of LUS be challenging for novice operators, but visual quantification of B-lines remains subject to observer variability.

Color postprocessing of conventional CT images: preliminary results in assessment of nondisplaced proximal femoral fractures.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the diagnostic performance and effect on reader confidence of a custom computed tomography (CT) color postprocessing algorithm for assessment of nondisplaced proximal femoral fractures.

Materials And Methods: Four radiologists, including two PGY-3 radiology residents and two emergency radiologists, independently interpreted 30 CT examinations of the hip and/or pelvis performed for trauma, consisting of a total of 15 cases positive for nondisplaced hip fracture and 15 age and sex-matched controls. Images were reviewed first with conventional CT images and after at least 8 weeks, all images were reviewed again with the addition of coronal color postprocessed images.

Internal Rotation Traction Radiograph Improves Proximal Femoral Fracture Classification Accuracy and Agreement.

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the clinical utility of internal rotation traction radiography in the classification of proximal femoral fractures.

Materials And Methods: The study cohort included 78 consecutive patients who were surgically treated for a proximal femoral fracture and for whom preoperative physician-assisted internal rotation traction radiographs of the fractured hip were obtained in addition to standard radiographs. Two radiologists who were blinded to clinical information independently classified each fracture without the traction view and then with the traction view.

Active Tuberculosis Case Finding in Haiti.

In 2010, Haiti suffered from a devastating earthquake; data on the impact on the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic are limited. From January to June 2013, we conducted active case finding at the household level in a slum in Port-au-Prince. Community health workers identified individuals with cough ≥ 2 weeks, and referred them for evaluation.

Traumatic right atrial pseudoaneurysm.

Pseudoaneurysm is defined as contained blood pooling due to rupture of vascular wall. They have higher risk of rupture and hence are usually managed aggressively. Trauma, infection and prior surgery are the most common etiologies for pseudoaneurysm of most sites.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage*.

Objectives: Acute respiratory distress syndrome develops commonly in critically ill patients in response to an injurious stimulus. The prevalence and risk factors for development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have not been reported. We sought to determine the prevalence of acute respiratory distress syndrome after intracerebral hemorrhage, characterize risk factors for its development, and assess its impact on patient outcomes.

Reduced-dose CT: effect on reader evaluation in detection of pulmonary embolism.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduction in radiation dose on CT detection of pulmonary embolism.

Subjects And Methods: Emergency department patients were evaluated for pulmonary embolism with standard and simulated reduced-dose CT angiography. Simulated lower-dose CT angiograms obtained at 90, 45, 22, and 10 mAs(eff) were reconstructed by mathematical addition of noise to the standard dose (180 mAs(eff)) data from the images of 18 patients with and 20 patients without pulmonary embolism.